<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hisplus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Юго-Западного государственного университета. Серия: История и право</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2223-1501</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Юго-Западный государственный университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21869/2223-1501-2026-16-1-201-217</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hisplus-1058</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Социально-экономическое положение государственных крестьян Курской губернии в первой половине XIX века</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The socio-economic situation of the state peasants of Kursk Province in the first half of the 19th century</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рянский</surname><given-names>Р. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryansky</surname><given-names>R. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рянский Роман Леонидович, доктор исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник НИИ археологии Юго-востока Руси</p><p>ул. Радищева, д. 33, г. Курск 305000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman L. Ryansky, Doctor of Sciences (Historical), Senior Researcher at the Scientific Research Institute of Archeology of the South-East of Russia</p><p>33 Radishchev Str., Kursk 305000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">roman-ryansky@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2861-9446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рянский</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryansky</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рянский Леонид Михайлович, доктор исторических наук</p><p>ул. Дзержинского, д. 19, г. Курск 305000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leonid M. Ryansky, Doctor of Sciences (Historical)</p><p>19 Dzerzhinsky Str., Kursk 305000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryanskiy@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рянская</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryanskaya</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рянская Мария Леонидовна, кандидат исторических наук, учитель технологии</p><p>ул. Веспремская, д. 1а, г. Курск 305040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria L. Ryanskaya, Candidate of Sciences (Historical), Teacher of Technology</p><p>1a Veszprem Str., Kursk 305040</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">RyanskayaM@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Курский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kursk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Курское региональное отделение Всероссийского общества охраны памятников истории и культуры</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kursk Regional Branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 51</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Secondary school No. 51</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>201</fpage><lpage>217</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рянский Р.Л., Рянский Л.М., Рянская М.Л., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рянский Р.Л., Рянский Л.М., Рянская М.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryansky R.L., Ryansky L.M., Ryanskaya M.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hisplus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1058">https://hisplus.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1058</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность данного исследования определяется научной значимостью проблемы, к сожалению, пока обойденной вниманием историков. Государственные крестьяне составляли около половины населения губернии, играли важную роль в ее экономике, однако обобщающего исследования об их положении до сих пор еще не создано, что обедняет общую картину социальной жизни в регионе.</p><p>Цель – комплексное изучение положения государственных крестьян губернии в первой половине XIX века с акцентом на 30–50-е годы, когда проводилась реформа П.Д. Киселева.</p><sec><title>Задачи</title><p>Задачи: изучить хозяйства, степень удовлетворения базовых потребностей, платежей, социальных условий жизни крестьян.</p></sec><sec><title>Методология</title><p>Методология. Исследование основано на принципах объективности и историзма, предполагающих объективное познание прошлого, изучение явлений в развитии, в их связи с конкретными условиями. Применение общенаучных, специально-исторических, статистических и других методов повысило информационную отдачу источников, а значит, степень обоснованности частных и концептуальных выводов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Земельные наделы крестьян обеспечивали продовольственные потребности крестьян и производили товарную продукцию. Животноводство было слаборазвитым, что стало одной из причин недостаточного потребления крестьянами белковой пищи. Социальная сфера находилась в зачаточном состоянии. Однако антропометрические данные рекрутов превышали общероссийские показатели.</p></sec><sec><title>Вывод</title><p>Вывод. Базовые потребности крестьян по меркам XIX века в основном удовлетворялись, исключая обнищавшие семьи. В целом положение государственных крестьян губернии соответствовало уровню социально-экономического развития России в первой половине XIX века, поэтому было бы неверно его излишне драматизировать.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance of this study is determined by the scientific significance of the problem, which, unfortunately, has not yet been addressed by historians. State peasants made up about half of the province's population and played an important role in its economy, but a comprehensive study of their situation has yet to be conducted, which limits our understanding of social life in the region.</p><p>The purpose – comprehensive study of the situation of the province's state peasants in the first half of the 19th century, with a focus on the 1830s and 1850s, when P.D. Kiselev's reform was implemented.</p><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives: to study farms, the degree of satisfaction of basic needs, payments, and the social conditions of peasants.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology</title><p>Methodology. The study is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, which involve the objective knowledge of the past and the study of phenomena in their development and connection with specific conditions. The use of general scientific, special historical, statistical, and other methods has increased the information content of the sources, thereby enhancing the validity of specific and conceptual conclusions.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Peasants' land plots provided for their food needs and produced marketable products. Livestock farming was underdeveloped, which was one of the reasons for the peasants' insufficient consumption of protein-rich food. The social sphere was in its infancy. However, the anthropometric data of the recruits exceeded the national average.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusin</title><p>Conclusin. The basic needs of the peasants, by the standards of the 19th century. they were mostly satisfied, excluding impoverished families. In general, the situation of the state peasants of the province corresponded to the level of socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Therefore, it would be wrong to overly dramatize it.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>государственные крестьяне</kwd><kwd>реформа</kwd><kwd>базовые потребности</kwd><kwd>антропометрические данные</kwd><kwd>рекруты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>state peasants</kwd><kwd>reform</kwd><kwd>basic needs</kwd><kwd>anthropometric data</kwd><kwd>recruits</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кабузан В.М. Изменения в размещении населения России в XVIII – первой половине XIX в. (По материалам ревизий). М.: Наука, 1971. 190 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kabuzan V.M. Changes in the distribution of the Russian population in the XVIII – first half of the XIX century. (Based on revision materials). Moscow: Nauka; 1971. 190 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дружинин Н.М. Государственные крестьяне и реформа П.Д. Киселева. Т. 1: Предпосылки и сущность реформы. М.; Л.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1946. 631 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Druzhinin N.M. State Peasants and the Reform of P.D. Kiselev. Vol. 1. Prerequisites and essence of the reform. Moscow; Leningrad: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR; 1946. 631 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колесников П.А. Северная деревня в XV – первой половине XIX века. К вопросу об эволюции аграрных отношений в Русском государстве. Вологда: Сев.-Зап. кн. изд-во, 1976. 416 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikov P.A. The northern village in the 15th – first half of the 19th Century. On the evolution of agrarian relations in the Russian state. Vologda: Sev.-Zap. kn. izd-vo; 1976. 416 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Копылов Д.И. Советская историография второй половины 60-х – начала 80-х годов о кризисе феодально-крепостнической системы хозяйства // Кризис феодально-крепостнических отношений в сельском хозяйстве России (вторая четверть XIX в.): межвузовский сборник научных трудов. Владимир: ВГПИ, 1984. С. 3‒38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopylov D.I. Soviet historiography of the second half of the 1960s and early 1980s on the crisis of the feudal-serfdom system of economy. In: Krizis feodal'no-krepostnicheskikh otnoshenij v selskom khozyajstve Rossii (vtoraya chetvert' XIX v.): mezhvuzovskij sbornik nauchnykh trudov = The crisis of feudal-serfdom relations in Russian agriculture (the second quarter of the 19th century): interuniversity collection of scientific papers. Vladimir: VGPI; 1984. P. 3-38. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова-Малофеева Е.Ю. Реформа государственной деревни в Тамбовской губернии (середина 30-х – середина 50-х гг. XIX в.) Тамбов: Изд-во Тамб. гос. техн. ун-та, 2005. 196 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova-Malofeeva E.Yu. Reform of the state village in the Tambov province (mid. 1830s – mid. 1850s). Tambov: Tamb. gos. tekhn. un-t; 2005. 196 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дружинин Н.М. Избранные труды: Социально-экономическая история России. М.: Наука, 1987. 422 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Druzhinin N.M. Selected works: Social and economic history of Russia. Moscow: Nauka; 1987. 422 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дружинин Н.М. Генезис капитализма в России. М.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1955. 79 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Druzhinin N.M. The genesis of capitalism in Russia. Moscow: Izd-vo Akad. Nauk SSSR; 1955. 79 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рянский Л.М. Естественное движение государственных крестьян Курской губернии в первой половине XIX века (по данным ревизских сказок) // Проблемы исторической демографии и исторической географии Центрального Черноземья. Курск: Изд-во Курск. гос. пед. ун-та, 1994. С. 216‒224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryansky L.M. The natural movement of state peasants in the Kursk province in the first half of the 19th century (based on census records). In: Problemy istoricheskoj demografii i istoricheskoj geografii Centralnogo Chernozemya = Problems of Historical Demography and Historical Geography of the Central Chernozem Region. Kursk: Kursk gos. ped. un-t; 1994. P. 216-224. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плаксин И.М. История села Беседино / Курск. обл. краевед. музей. Курск, 1991. 20 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plaksin I.M. History of the Village of Besedino. Kursk: Kursk. obl. kraeved. muzei; 1991. 20 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рянский Л.М., Рянский Р.Л., Рянская М.Л. Документальные материалы как источник информации для изучения положения государственных крестьян Курской губернии в конце XVIII – первой половине XIX в. // Архивный документ как исторический источник: проблемы выявления, верификации и интерпретации: материалы Всероссийской научной конференции. Курск: Центр рекламы «Лоцман», 2022. С. 16‒27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryansky L.M., Ryansky R.L., Ryanskaya M.L. Documentary materials as a source of information for studying the situation of state peasants in the Kursk province in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In: Arkhivnyj dokument kak istoricheskij istochnik: problemy vyyavleniya, verifikacii i interpretacii: materialy Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferencii = Archival document as a historical source: problems of identification, verification, and interpretation: materials of the All-Russian scientific conference. Kursk: Tsentr reklamy "Lotsman"; 2022. P. 16-27. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО (Государственный архив Курской области). Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO (State Archive of the Kursk Region). F. 153. Op. 1. D. 120. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 43. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 144. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 675.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 675. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА (Российский государственный исторический архив). Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д. 51-а.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA (Russian State Historical Archive). F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 51-a. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д. 67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 67. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д. 72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 72. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д. 73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 73. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д. 74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 74. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д.79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 79. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 4. Д. 88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 4. D. 88. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 5. Д. 47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 5. D. 47. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 5. Д. 48-а.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 5. D. 48-а. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 5. Д. 56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 5. D. 56. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 5. Д. 70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 5. D. 70. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 5. Д. 71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 5. D. 71. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 6. Д. 59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 6. D. 59. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 6. Д. 73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 6. D. 73. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 6. Д. 80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 6. D. 80. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1281. Оп. 6. Д. 108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1281. Op. 6. D. 108. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 297. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 318. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бломквист Е.Э. Крестьянские постройки восточных славян // Восточнославянский этнографический сборник. Очерки народной материальной культуры русских, украинцев и белорусов в XIX – начале XX в. М.: Изд-во Акад. наук СССР, 1956. С. 7‒458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blomkvist E.E. Peasant buildings of the Eastern slavs. In: East Slavic ethnographic collection. Essays on the material culture of the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Moscow: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR; 1956. 805 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 21. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 103. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">РГИА. Ф. 1088. Оп. 6. Д. 1298.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RGIA. F. 1088. Op. 6. D. 1298. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 153. Оп. 1. Д. 204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 153. Op. 1. D. 204. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миронов Б.Н. Благосостояние населения и революции в имперской России: XVIII – начало XX века. М.: Новый хронограф, 2010. 911 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mironov B.N. The welfare of the population and revolutions in imperial Russia: 18th – early 20th century. Moscow: Novy Khronograf; 2010. 911 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 69. Оп. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 69. Op. 1. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 128. Оп. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 128. Op. 1. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 141. Оп. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 141. Op. 1. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 184. Оп. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 184. Op. 1. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАКО. Ф. 310. Оп. 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GAKO. F. 310. Op. 1. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
