Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law
Peer-reviewed journal "Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law"
Юго-Западный государственный университет
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Formation of the theory of extraordinary legal regulation in the 1990s–2000s
The relevance of the study is determined by the growing role of extraordinary legal regulation in the context of contemporary crises and emergency situations. An analysis of the formation of the corresponding theory in Russian legal scholarship during the 1990s and 2000s makes it possible to identify the patterns underlying the development of academic views on the nature and mechanism of extraordinary legal regimes. The continuing fragmentation of scholarly approaches necessitates the further development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of extraordinary legal regulation. The purpose is to identify the specific features of the development of the theory of extraordinary legal regulation in Russian legal scholarship in the 1990s–2000s, as well as to identify its main theoretical and methodological achievements and challenges. Objectives: to identify the main approaches to understanding extraordinary legal regulation; to characterize doctrinal approaches to the legitimization of extraordinary powers of state authorities; to establish the significance of scholarly developments in the 1990s–2000s. for the development of a modern theory of extraordinary legal regulation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was formed by general scientific and specialized legal methods of inquiry, including dialectical, historical-legal, formal-legal, systemic, and comparative legal methods. Results. It was established that in the 1990s-2000s, a significant theoretical body of work devoted to individual aspects of extraordinary legal regulation was formed in Russian legal scholarship. It is substantiated that the most important achievement of this period was the affirmation of the idea that extraordinary measures are legally permissible only if they are legally enshrined, temporary, constitutionally determined, and provided with oversight mechanisms. Conclusion. In the 1990s-2000s, the conceptual foundations of the modern theory of extraordinary legal regulation were laid, but its development was not complete. The absence of a unified conceptual and categorical apparatus, generally accepted methodological foundations and a coherent theoretical structure indicates that the theory of extraordinary legal regulation is in its infancy.
The field of crime prevention for the implementation of measures by local governments
The relevance of this brief study is due to the fact that local governments have the right to implement measures in the field of crime prevention in the absence of a legislative definition of the «sphere of crime prevention», its importance for the full implementation of the right, and the practical need for this. The purpouse is to form a holistic (doctrinal) practice-oriented view of the competence of local governments in the implementation of measures aimed at the prevention of offenses. Objectives: to determine the content of the concept under study, based on the provisions of current legislation; to identify the reasons for the multidirectional interpretation by public authorities of the content of the law of local governments in the field of crime prevention; to identify the internal heterogeneity, complexity of the content of this right, producing difficulties in its implementation. Methodology. The article has been prepared using methods of comparative legal and system analysis, description, interpolation and extrapolation. The results of this brief study are law-based proposals with a pronounced practical focus on resolving existing contradictions in the interpretation of the content of the law in question. The situations of substitution of the essence of this right with a duty in the explanations of the prosecutor's office and court decisions based on goal-setting are analyzed. Conclusions. Reasonable options for eliminating the unilateral approach concerning the teleological interpretation of the analyzed law by various public authorities are proposed. The subject-centrist approach made it possible to demonstrate the existing problems from the perspective of a specific municipal employee who organizes interaction with interested public authorities at the federal and regional levels.
Legal qualification of cross-border contractual obligations
Relevance. In recent years, new contractual relations with a complex legal nature have emerged. When such agreements are entered into at the international level, the issue of their interpretation and qualification becomes relevant, from determining the applicable law to the correct application and interpretation of conflict of laws. In Russian law enforcement practice, there have been a significant number of controversial and ambiguous issues that require reflection and adjustment of existing legal norms and additions to the acts of interpretation by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The purpose is to specify the scientific positions on the qualification and interpretation of cross-border contractual obligations in the law enforcement practice of the Russian Federation. Objectives of the study: to reveal the sequence of legal qualification of foreign economic contractual obligations, including the application of conflict of laws; to identify and explain the nature of ambiguous issues and problems that arise during this process; and to argue the need to change domestic legal norms based on the analysis conducted. Methodology. The study uses formal legal, comparative legal, historical legal, and legal interpretation methods. Results. The need to amend Article 1187, paragraph 2, and Article 1211, paragraph 2, of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as to specify the provisions of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated July 9, 2019, No. 24 "On the Application of International Private Law by the Courts of the Russian Federation," has been substantiated. Conclusion. The process of interpreting and qualifying cross-border contractual relations, in the absence of a reference to the applicable law in its content, includes several sequential logical stages, such as (1) preliminary qualification; (2) primary qualification; and (3) secondary qualification or resolution of the disputed legal relationship on the merits.
Defining the position of family values within family legal relation
Relevance. The concept of family values occupies a central place in socio-legal discourse, but their legal nature and mechanisms of legal protection remain theoretically undeveloped. The lack of consensus in defining family values and their place in the structure of legal relations makes it difficult to create effective legal instruments for their protection. In the context of the actualization of the state policy on the preservation of traditional values, the development of a clear legal concept of family values as an object of legal relations acquires special scientific and practical significance. The purpose of the research is a theoretical and legal analysis of family values as a special object of legal relations, the definition of their legal nature and the development of a model for their inclusion in the mechanisms of implementation and protection of family rights. The objective: philosophical and axiological substantiation of the dual (objective and subjective) nature of values; analysis of approaches to understanding legal relations and their object in the theory of law and family law doctrine; identification of the specifics of family values as intangible assets; classification and evaluation of models of legal relations in relation to the protection of values; formulation of conclusions on the mechanisms of integration of family values into a positive the right. Methodology. When writing the work, general scientific methods (system analysis, generalization, logical methods of deduction, analysis and synthesis) and private scientific methods of legal research (formal legal, comparative historical) were used. Results. It has been established that family values (family, motherhood, childhood, care, etc.) are fundamental intangible assets. They do not act as a direct object of classical regulatory legal relations, but are integrated into the legal sphere, acting as: 1) the grounds for the emergence of a legal relationship; 2) an object of legally protected interest; 3) an object of protective legal relations: 4) the system-forming principle. The model of legal relations with value content is based on the scheme – relative legal relations with absolute protection. Conclusion. Family values serve as the basis, purpose and backbone principle of legal regulation, but not as an independent object of regulatory relations. Effective legal protection is provided through the protection of specific subjective rights, the content of which these values are filled with. Legislation should create a clear framework limiting interference in the implementation of family values, and develop mechanisms to translate their social significance into specific legal procedures for the restoration of violated rights.
Negotiations for concluding an employment contract
Relevance. The negotiation relationship for the purpose of concluding an employment contract is the subject of labor law regulation, part of the employment relationship with a specific employer. The Labor Code (hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) does not define the composition of these relations, and does not contain a chapter or article on this subject. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals for improving the legal regulation of pre-contractual relations between a job seeker and an employer. Objectives: to study the relationships that arise prior to the conclusion of an employment contract, identify the need for their legal regulation, analyze possible options for overcoming the existing gap in labor law, and formulate proposals for eliminating the deficiencies of labor legislation in the area under study. Methodology. The research uses universal, general scientific, special and adapted methods of scientific and legal cognition. The dialectical method allowed to reveal the development and interrelation of the studied issues, the logical method provided the application of analysis, synthesis and other general scientific techniques. The systematic method helped to identify the structure of negotiations on the conclusion of an employment contract, and the formal legal method helped to identify the essence of legal concepts. Results. The need for legal regulation of relations related to employment contract negotiations was established. It was determined that the rules for conducting negotiations should be defined by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, as follows from Articles 1, 6, and 16 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Options for such regulation are proposed. Conclusions. The proposals contained in this paper, formulated as a result of the conducted research, will help fill the existing gap in the legal regulation of relations within the scope of labor law but not adequately regulated, establish procedures in relations preceding the conclusion of an employment contract, and ensure the realization of the rights and legitimate interests of persons participating in employment contract negotiations.
Antichresis: a legal relic of the past or a promising model of property law
Relevance. Antichres is one of the oldest categories of civil law. At the same time, it can be considered a very modern concept, given the updated civil legislation in a number of foreign countries. Given the incomplete development of the domestic doctrine of property law, it is highly relevant to analyze the potential applications of antichres in Russia. The purpose of this study is to form a comprehensive understanding of the anti-chresis model as a type of property law and to assess the prospects for its use in Russian civil legislation. Objectives: to highlight the processes of the emergence (genesis) and subsequent development of the antichres; to determine its legal nature; to establish the patterns of its development in the countries of South America; to identify the social opportunities for using this property right on the example of the civil legislation of Catalonia; to formulate the qualitative characteristics and determine the social significance of introducing the antichres into civil legislation. Methodology. The article is based on a complex of general scientific (logical, systemic) and private scientific (formal-legal, comparative-legal) approaches for analyzing civil law phenomena. The method of legal norms interpretation and historical-legal method are used. Results. The economic and legal significance of anti-chresis lies in the creditor's acquisition of the rights to own and use the debtor's real estate, while generating income aimed at collecting the debt under the main obligation. In today's context, anti-chresis serves as a flexible tool for the creditor to ensure their interests through effective management. It is reasonable to consider the formation of anti-chresis as an independent property right. Conclusion. The formulated research results can be used by the legislator to further improve the system of limited property rights in accordance with the realities of modern socio-economic life.
Scholarly debates over liability for harm caused be AI
Relevance. The paper is devoted to the analysis of doctrinal views on the legal nature of artificial intelligence and the choice of the optimal algorithm for liability for harm caused by artificial intelligence in both contractual and non-contractual relations, which is due to the objective need to develop a mechanism for legal regulation of public relations concerning the use of artificial intelligence. The purpose of the study is to provide a scientific analysis of the existing approaches in the doctrine to defining the legal nature of artificial intelligence, to substantiate the approach to understanding artificial intelligence as an object of civil law, and to determine the mechanism of compensation for harm caused by any technical device operating on the basis of artificial intelligence. Objectives: to study of the existing scientific views on liability for harm caused by the use of various artificial intelligence systems has revealed gaps in legislative regulation, as well as theoretical problems in civil law that have arisen due to the use of artificial intelligence in economic activities. The objective of the study is to find solutions to these problems. Methodology. The desired result is achieved through the use of a complex of methods: general scientific (such as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction) and specific scientific methods, among which system analysis and the formal legal (dogmatic) method occupy a key position. Results. After analyzing the points of view on the concept and characteristics of a source of increased danger, the authors agreed with those researchers who suggested considering harmful activities rather than the object being exploited by the harm-doer as the source of increased danger. Under this approach, the activities of any technical device operating on the basis of artificial intelligence meets all the criteria of such harmful activities. It is associated with a high probability of causing harm to the victim and is difficult to manage due to the lack of human control over computer technology, especially when using artificial intelligence. Conclusion. Concluded that in the case of harm caused to the victim as a result of the use of artificial intelligence, the user of artificial intelligence should be held liable for the harm caused, following the model of liability for causing harm by a source of increased danger, even in the absence of fault.
Fatherhood, motherhood and parenthood in the context of parental legal relations
Relevance. In the current context of the development of family law, the study of the legal categories of paternity, maternity, and parenthood is particularly important. The transformation of family relations, the emergence of new forms of family arrangements, and the development of biomedical technologies require a theoretical rethinking of the basic concepts of family law. Existing legal norms do not always adapt quickly to new realities associated with the use of assisted reproductive technologies and various models of parental legal relations. The issue of distinguishing between the concepts of paternity, maternity, and parenthood in the context of protecting the rights and interests of all participants in family relations is particularly relevant. The purpose of the study is to distinguish between the concepts of paternity, maternity, and parenthood as independent family law categories, to determine their specific features, and to identify the specifics of legal regulation in the context of parental legal relations. Objectives: identification the essential characteristics of the concepts of paternity and maternity as legal categories; determination the characteristics of the legal institution of parenthood; determination the specifics of legal relations in the absence of consanguinity between a child and parents; developing criteria for distinguishing between the legal categories being analyzed. Methodology. The article is based on analysis, description, deduction, generalization and formal-legal methods. Results. The need for a clear distinction between the concepts of paternity, maternity, and parenthood in family law is demonstrated. Criteria for distinguishing between these legal categories are proposed, which will improve the legal regulation of family relations and protect the rights of participants in parental legal relationships. The results of the study can be used to improve family law and in law enforcement practice. Conclusion. The study established that paternity and maternity are based on consanguinity, while parenthood is an independent legal institution, not always associated with biological kinship. It is also revealed that parenthood can exist in the absence of a blood relationship between the child and parents, which has particular legal significance in family relations. The legal consequences of various forms of parenthood, including cases of surrogacy and adoption, are determined.
The ephemerality of theatrical performance as a problem of objective form in copyright law
Relevance. The ephemerality of theatrical performance is traditionally regarded as an obstacle to recognizing a stage director’s production as an object of copyright protection. Unlike works fixed on a material medium, a theatrical performance exists through live performance, changes from one presentation to another, and depends on acting, spatial, temporal, and audience-related factors. This makes it necessary to clarify the criterion of objective form as applied to stage works. Purpose. To substantiate an approach under which the objective form of a theatrical performance is determined not through mandatory material fixation, but through the possibility of identifying a stable, recognizable, and provable system of directorial decisions. Objectives. To identify the principal manifestations of the ephemerality of theatrical performance and their significance for copyright qualification; to demonstrate the evolution of the criterion of objective form from material fixation to the identifiability of a work; to systematize the models of objectification of a stage work and determine their applicability to a stage director’s production. Methodology. The study employs general scientific and special legal methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, as well as formal legal, comparative legal, and historical legal methods. Results. The study establishes that the variability of live performance does not indicate the absence of an objective form of a theatrical performance. Such a form may be expressed in a stable staging structure, including the composition of stage action, mise-en-scène, tempo-rhythm, lighting, sound, plastic, and spatial decisions, as well as the order of their interaction in time and space. Two models of objectification of a stage work are identified: the fixation model and the functional model. It is shown that a director’s script and a video recording have evidentiary value but should not be regarded as mandatory conditions for the copyrightability of a production. Conclusion. The functional model makes it possible to account for the living nature of theatre while preserving legal certainty. Copyright protection should extend not to an idea, style, method, or individual performance, but to a specific, externally expressed, recognizable, and provable system of stage decisions that makes it possible to distinguish one production from other stage embodiments.
“Black widows” as a criminological phenomenon of the special military operation period
Relevance. In the context of the special military operation, the criminal phenomenon of “black widows” has degenerated into a highly lucrative criminal enterprise predicated on the death of military personnel. As evidenced by the materials of criminal cases and press reports, the underlying scheme involves a sham marriage between female fraudsters and an SMO combatant for the purpose of misappropriating payments directed by the state to the service member or the service member's family. The specific manner in which the criminal strategy of «black widows» has transformed, acquiring a new form and an unprecedented scale, has not yet become the subject of scholarly discussion. The absence of a doctrinal conceptualization of this criminal model leaves law enforcement authorities without the methodological toolkit suitable for the timely detection and prevention of such encroachments. Purpose ‒ to supplement criminological theory with new knowledge concerning fraud based on sham marriages with SMO participants, and to develop an original classification of the victims thereof. Objective: to delineate the mechanism of mercenary acts perpetrated by “front wives” against military personnel; to identify and characterize the categories of victims, revealing the factors of their victimization. Methodology. The research was conducted employing the formal-logical method, content analysis (mass media, Telegram channels, operational briefs), and the method of typologization. Results. For the first time, a novel variety of criminal enrichment, based on simulated marriage with an SMO participant, has been scientifically verified. It is characterized by a serial nature of episodes, high quantitative indicators (hundreds of victims, multimillion-rouble damage), broad geographic scope, a structured character (multiplesubject composition), and a corruption component. An original classification of victims is proposed, comprising five categories, for each of which a distinct victimization mechanism is described. Conclusion. The scale of this criminal enterprise, its sustainability, and its capacity for self-reproduction allow it to be regarded as an independent segment of mercenary crime oriented toward the appropriation of payments to military personnel. Beyond direct damage, particular danger is seen in the fact that this criminal scheme is gradually being normalized: its public presentation as a «business plan» testifies to the loss, by society, of its perception as deviance and its acquisition of features characteristic of a social norm.
Current issues of challenging criminal cases through the prism of digital transformation in the Russian Federation: theory and judicial practice
Relevance. The use of modern information technologies is aimed at ensuring the quality and efficiency of justice. One of the problems of the trial is proper notification and ensuring the timely appearance of participants in the process. For this purpose, it is proposed to use information technologies that ensure the timely receipt of information about the time of appearance in court. The transition to notifications using information technology is difficult due to the lack of Internet in certain territories, not the ownership of technical means by individual citizens. There is a need to regulate the procedure for summoning persons to a court hearing using information technology. The purpose of the study is to determine the grounds and procedure for summoning to court using the information technologies of the participants in the process; establishment of circumstances that exclude the possibility of using technical means to summon a separate category of persons to court. Objectives: to establish: the grounds and procedure for making a decision to summon a person to court using information technology; determine the circle of persons who cannot be summoned to court using technical means. The research methodology is represented by the dialectical method, the formal-logical method, the method of legal forecasting, methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The procedure for summoning persons to trial in criminal cases is directly and directly related to the implementation of the appointment of criminal proceedings in the Russian Federation. Ensuring and enforcing the proper procedure for summoning persons to court in the event of non-appearance by those obliged to appear entails various consequences that affect both the non-appearing persons themselves (the use of enforcement measures, the imposition of a fine) and the outcome of the court proceedings as a whole. The problems of legal regulation of the institution of notifying participants about their appearance at a court hearing to consider a criminal case have been identified, and ways to resolve them have been proposed. Conclusions. Persons who are obliged to be in court proceedings in criminal cases must be explained their rights and obligations by investigators, interrogators, the court, who must take measures to exercise this right.
The legal stance of the Russian Constitutional Court on issues of propaganda and public demonstration of symbols and attributes
Relevance. The legislative ban on propaganda and public display of symbols and paraphernalia subject to a legal ban is an important tool in ensuring the national security of the state. At the same time, law enforcement practice raises discussions about the proportionality of restrictions on constitutional rights and freedoms. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the issues of propaganda and public demonstration of symbols and paraphernalia subject to a legal ban. The objectives are to identify the legal grounds and boundaries: of the ban; to determine the protected legal goods and their significance for the characteristics of the object of criminal law protection; to analyze the approach of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the balance between public and private interests; to assess the Court's position on the operation of the law over time. Methodology. The research is based on general scientific and private scientific research methods: formal legal, comparative legal methods, legal modeling method, specific sociological method, as well as logical research methods. Results. Based on the analysis of the definitions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, it was possible to establish that the mechanisms of negative (retrospective) liability: administrative and tort (Article 20.3 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation) and criminal law (Article 2824 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the sign of repetition), providing for responsibility for propaganda and public demonstration of symbols and attributes are used by the state as part of the implementation of obligations assumed to ensure the foundations of the constitutional order, respect for human and civil rights and freedoms. The key point is that the Court has shifted the legal emphasis from the formal demonstration (propaganda) of symbols and paraphernalia to countering the destructive ideology they represent. A system of legal guarantees has been identified that determine the proportionality of restrictions and respect for public and private interests. Conclusons. The legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation form the constitutional and legal guidelines for uniform law enforcement in this area.
The role of the damage attribute in economic crimes: a comparative legal analysis of foreign legislation
Relevance. In chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the sign of damage occupies the position of one of the key constituent criteria, and its importance continues to increase both in current norms and in new legislative initiatives. At the same time, the question of whether the criminal protection of economic relations can be based on other legislative structures remains open. Comparative legal research of foreign experience acquires special value in this context, allowing a critical assessment of the domestic model and identifying possible directions for its development. The purpose – to identify the functional role of the sign of damage in economic structures under the legislation of a number of foreign countries and to identify models of interest to Russian criminal law. Objective: to analyze the features of the use of the sign of causing damage in the criminal legislation of certain foreign countries; to determine the functional significance of the sign of causing damage; to establish patterns of legislative use of the sign of causing damage, determined by the nature of protected economic relations and the specifics of the relevant legal system; to assess the potential of the identified structures for improving the domestic criminal law. Methodology. The study uses the following methods: formal legal, comparative legal, and systemic methods; general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The absence of a universal model for the use of the harm sign in foreign criminal legislation has been revealed. The dependence of the role of the sign of damage on the nature of the protected object has been established: the more pronounced the public-economic interest, the less often the criminality of the act is associated with causing specific property damage. Conclusion. The analysis shows that the sign of damage is not a universal criterion for criminalizing economic encroachments: foreign legislation demonstrates a multiplicity of models in which material structures are replaced by formal structures and constructions of abstract danger. The composition of economic crimes is complemented by evaluative features, including reflection of harm to public economic benefits. Taking into account this experience can help improve the criminal law protection of economic relations in Russia and develop a more flexible model for assessing the consequences of economic crimes.
Prospects for cooperation between the BRICS countriesin the field of digitalization
Relevance. The decisions made by the BRICS countries aimed at developing the digital economy require strengthening the digital sovereignty of national states and the association itself, implementing digital tools, and expanding cooperation in this area in various areas of interaction. Purpose ‒ based on the analysis of the approaches of the BRICS member states to the implementation of digital sovereignty models, identify opportunities for cooperation among the member countries in this area. Objectives: to reveal the content of national institutional practices and joint projects of the BRICS countries, which are focused on achieving digital sovereignty, and to determine the directions for forming a block model of digital sovereignty. Methodology. The work is based on a systematic approach using the institutional method, methods of formallogical and comparative analysis, and statistical data analysis to determine the trajectory of BRICS countries' convergence in the field of digitalization. Critical discourse analysis of political documents, primarily program documents adopted at the BRICS summits. Results. The results of the study indicate that the understanding, consistency, and implementation of digital sovereignty policies vary among the BRICS countries. The BRICS countries are characterized by a lack of developed digital infrastructure components and accessibility, as well as digital gaps. However, the BRICS member states have demonstrated a high level of commitment to digital economy development over time. Therefore, the recommendations for deepening the BRICS agenda on digitalization are of a strategic nature. Conclusions. The block model of achieving digital sovereignty involves the convergence of the regulatory framework, information policies of the participating countries, and the development of common technological solutions. The emerging models for implementing a unified BRICS digital currency, the activities of the New Development Bank, the investment platform, and a range of joint digital tools for humanitarian cooperation already existing within the integration association, can serve as a foundation for achieving BRICS digital sovereignty as a network bloc.
Legislative initiatives in the field of tavern industry in "excise" Russia (1863-1894)
The relevance of the study is determined by the need to understand the historical experience of interaction between local self‑government bodies and the business community. The legislative initiatives of city dumas and tavern deputations during the excise system period clearly demonstrate the mechanisms for aligning the interests of the authorities and business. Analyzing these practices is essential for understanding the evolution of public‑private partnership in Russia. Purpose ‒ to assess the degree of influence of legislative initiatives by city councils and tavern deputations on the development of tavern‑related legislation in Russia. Objectives: to identify key problems of the tavern business during the excise period; to reveal the content of initiatives proposed by tavern deputies and city councils; to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed changes. Methodology. The study employs a set of complementary methods, including the historical‑systemic, historical‑genetic, and historical‑chronological approaches, as well as institutional analysis. These methods were used to examine the legislative initiatives of tavern owners and local self‑government bodies within the context of the excise system. Results. The key problems of the tavern business during the excise period included: the vagueness of the regulatory definition of a “tavern establishment”; uneven tax burden; opportunities for abuse in the allocation of excise duties; limited powers of city councils in overseeing the tavern trade. Conclusion. The results obtained confirm the importance of studying grassroots legislative initiatives as an independent source of information. Legislative initiatives by tavern owners and city councils were a significant factor in the evolution of legal regulation of the tavern business.
Chronicler of the fiery years: on the 75th anniversary of the birth of candidate of historical sciences A.N. Manzhosov
Relevance. The preservation of historical memory about the events of the past and the objective reflection of national history remain not only scientific, but also the most important state tasks of modern Russia. In the context of the increasing attempts to falsify history and devalue its heroic pages, the activities of passionate scientists who have devoted their lives to the search for historical truth are becoming particularly relevant. In this context, the figure of Alexander Nikolaevich Manzhosov occupies an exceptional place in the intellectual space of the Central Chernozem region and the whole country. By the anniversary of the scientist, which is perceived by the scientific community not just as a personal date, but as a significant milestone in the development of regional historical knowledge, there is an urgent need for a systematic understanding of his scientific heritage. A.N. Manzhosov is widely known not only as the "chronicler of the military history of the Kursk Region", but also as an innovative researcher who managed to harmoniously to combine the academic rigor of university science with an active, sometimes selfless civic position The purpose is to determine the scientific significance of A.N. Manzhosov's research activities on restoring and preserving the memory of regional and military history events. Objectives: to identify the main directions of the researcher's scientific search, to reflect the most important achievements of the historian in reconstructing the events of the past; to assess the degree of mutual influence of public and research work in the creative biography of the hero of the day. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was following the principles of objectivity and historicism. The tasks were solved using historical-biographical, historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods. Results. The conducted research made it possible to systematize knowledge about the contribution to historical science of one of the brightest, most emotional and able-bodied regional researchers, thanks to whose active creative activity previously unknown facts of the military history of the region and the railway transport of the country have been restored. Conclusion. The historiographical legacy of A.N. Manzhosov is aimed at an objective reflection of historical facts, is focused on the personification of past reality, has not only important theoretical and methodological significance, but also has a significant applied character, being fully integrated into the system of patriotic education of citizens.
Problems of the organization of food supply for the Central front troops in the preparatory period of the battle of Kursk (spring – summer 1943): a historical and administrative analysis
Relevance. The study’s relevance is dictated by the urgent need for a fundamental scientific conceptualization of the organizational mechanisms for ensuring the combat effectiveness of the Red Army during the turning points of the Great Patriotic War. In the context of the current geopolitical situation and incessant attempts at a revisionist interpretation of military history, an objective reconstruction of the activities of the Central Front's rear structures during the preparation for the Battle of Kursk acquires particular scientific and theoretical significance. Synthesizing the historical and administrative experience of the functioning of supply agencies during the operational pause of 1943 allows for a reasoned assertion of the author's position in the discussion regarding the efficiency factors of the Soviet model of military administration. The purpose ‒ to provide a comprehensive analysis of the food supply system of the Central Front troops in the spring and summer of 1943 and to determine the degree of effectiveness of the anti-crisis measures implemented by the military command. Objectives: based on the verification of a wide range of archival data, to reconstruct the model of the functioning of quartermaster structures under conditions of a systemic logistics crisis; to reveal the genesis and scale of food supply irregularities in combined arms and aviation formations; and to systematize management algorithms for mobilizing the resources of frontline regions and strengthening executive discipline. Methodology. The work is based on the principles of scientific historicism and objectivity, utilizing historicalgenetic and systemic-functional methods, which allowed for tracing the dynamics of the transformation of the rear as a complex adaptive structure functioning in an extreme environment. Results. Reliance on a massive array of unpublished documents from the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation made it possible to determine the causes of critical supply failures in March–April 1943. The author proves that the contradiction between directive planning and transport capabilities led to the spoilage of material resources and cases of physical exhaustion of personnel. The significant role of the subjective factor in the disorganization of rear processes is substantiated. Conclusions. By July 1943, the state of the system had been stabilized by strengthening the rigid administrative-command vertical, applying disciplinary tools to negligent individuals, and involving the potential of the regional economy. The experience of the front command confirmed that extreme centralization of management and flexible maneuvering of reserves were inherent conditions for ensuring the stability of the active army.
The development of agricultural work in places of detention in Russia in the late XIX – early ХХ centuries
Relevance. At present, significant attention, they given in Russia to the issue of convicts' employment in various production sectors with the aim of their resocialization. In this context, it would be pertinent to examine the experience of Russian correctional facilities participating in agricultural production and organizing farming enterprises in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Purpose ‒ to develop an understanding of the particularities of organizing different kinds of agricultural activities involving convicts in the penal institutions of the Russian Empire during the late XIX – early XX centuries. Objectives to demonstrate the experience and trends in the use of convict labor in agriculture, to determine the sectors of agricultural production involving convicts, and to identify the areas where convict labor was applied in agricultural production by analyzing statistical data, archival materials, records from the departmental penitentiary journal, and press materials from the period under examination. Methodology. In conducting the research, the author relied on the principles of historicism, objectivity and scientificity; on the methods of chronology; historical-comparative and comparison of historical documents. The results the results of the scientific research allowed us to draw objective conclusions about the features and dynamics of the development of agricultural production using convict labor in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Conclusion. In the period under consideration, various sectors of production activity, including agriculture, began to develop at a rapid pace in the places of confinement of the Russian Empire. The organization of agricultural production involving convicts in Russia they primarily based on the use of successful foreign experience from Germany, France, and Switzerland. In 1899, the penitentiary authorities, together with the provincial authorities, proposed organizing agricultural production to the administration of the places of confinement. In response to this initiative, the places of confinement in the early 20th century began actively renting or using land plots free of charge and started setting up farms. In 1909, the State Duma held discussions on a project aimed at establishing agricultural prisons. The very fact that the project they debated at such a high governmental level served as a catalyst for the widespread establishment and development of farm enterprises within Russia's correctional facilities. This study identifies the spheres in which convict agricultural labor they utilized and examines the trends in agricultural production in places of confinement during the late XIX – early XX centuries. These results enrich the modern experience of attracting convicts to work.
The creation of the Kursk Polytechnic Institute: problems of material and technical support
Relevance. The study of the process of establishing higher education institutions in the USSR in the 1960s is of significant scientific and practical value. This period was characterized by the country's large-scale industrialization, which required a significant increase in the number of qualified engineering personnel. The analysis of the experience of establishing and developing the Kursk Polytechnic Institute allows us to assess the role of interdepartmental cooperation and industrial support in the organization of universities in the regions, particularly in the Kursk region, and to understand the specifics of overcoming material, technical, and personnel difficulties in launching the educational process The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the key factors, problems and mechanisms of the formation of the material, technical and infrastructural base of the Kursk Polytechnic Institute (KPI) in the early years of its activity. Objectives: to assess the material and technical base of the institute at the initial stage of its operation, to reconstruct the process of forming the initial infrastructure of the KPI, to analyze the institute's system of external interactions (with higher authorities, other universities, industrial enterprises) to solve resource problems and identify logistical problems that prevented the full launch of the educational process. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is based on the fundamental principles of objectivity and historicism. The research tasks were solved using the historical-system method, the comparative-historical method, the retrospective method, and the statistical method. Results. The conducted research on the basis of archival documents that had not previously been put into scientific circulation made it possible to assess the process of forming the material and technical base of the Kursk Polytechnic Institute as a newly created educational institution. The chronology of the creation and initial development of the KPI was reconstructed, taking into account regulatory legal acts and official documentation, and the main problems faced by the institute at the formative stage (lack of premises, equipment, and housing for employees) were identified. Conclusions. The establishment of the Kursk Polytechnic Institute in 1964 took place in conditions of an acute shortage of the material and technical base, premises and housing for employees. Despite the systemic supply problems and organizational difficulties, thanks to interdepartmental cooperation, support from industrial enterprises and targeted government funding, the institute was able to gradually develop the infrastructure – from the first laboratories to the new academic building.
Funds of the Kursk Region State Archives on the history of the regional light industry in 1965–1991
Relevance of studying the archival funds on the history of the light industry in the Kursk region from 1965 to 1991 lies in the opportunity to conduct a comprehensive analysis of one of the key sectors of the Soviet economy, which is less studied compared to the heavy industry. This period, from the beginning of the Kosygin reform to the collapse of the USSR, was a time of the last attempt to modernize the Soviet economic model and the growing crisis, making it particularly valuable for researchers. Studying the archives allows us to reconstruct the decision-making mechanisms and the management system of an entire industry. Archives provide a unique opportunity to assess the real effectiveness of the planned economy and its attempts to adapt to the challenges of the time. Purpose ‒ to study the documentary composition of the archival funds of light industry enterprises in the Kursk Region that operated from 1965 to 1991. Objectives: to analyze the scientific and reference apparatus of the State Archive of the Kursk Region, identify the funds of light industry enterprises, and summarize information on the composition of the most valuable documents from the point of view of the history of enterprises. Methodology. The author's methodology is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and systematicity, as well as methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization. Results. The author analyzed the composition of the funds of light industry enterprises in the Kursk Region, which operated from 1965 to 1991, and identified archival documents that allow for an assessment of the state, prospects, and problems of the regional industry. Conclusion. During the period under study, there were a large number of light industry enterprises in the Kursk region that produced consumer goods. These included a knitting factory, a knitting mill, a production association called «Dressmaker», a rope factory, and a factory that produced technical fabrics. There was also a leather factory, a leather and footwear association, a leather goods factory in Kursk, and a cloth factory in Glushkovo. The analysis of the archival records of these enterprises is not just about the history of a specific industry, but also provides insights into the systemic processes in the economy, social sphere, and management. Many of these processes remain relevant for modern Russia.
“On improving federal legislation to protect women from coercion into induced abortion”: a review of the roundtable discussion at the State Duma of the Russian Federation
Relevance The current demographic situation in Russia indicates depopulation. Among the causes of population decline, along with natural causes of death, crime, and accidents, is a woman's legal right to independently decide whether to become a mother, primarily through abortion. This is performed at the woman's own discretion, but is often motivated by pressure from immediate family members, social circles, and employers to end motherhood. Purpose: to systematize the positions of the roundtable participants on the current state of regulatory frameworks governing the reproductive rights of citizens, as well as changes to healthcare legislation in terms of limiting the possibility of inducing women to undergo abortion. Objectives: to gather the opinions of participants in the discussion of the stated issue, and to reflect comments and suggestions on the draft legislative initiative to limit the inducement of women to undergo artificial termination of pregnancy, taking into account current regulatory and legal acts. Methodology. General scientific and legal methods were used, including description, generalization, systems analysis, comparative legal, functional, sociological, and formal legal methods. Results. The study has theoretical and practical significance, reflecting trends in changing legislative approaches to regulating women's reproductive rights by limiting their ability to persuade them to terminate a pregnancy. This study helps prevent violations of pregnant women's rights both during the discussion and adoption stages of a bill, as well as afterward. Conclusion. The introduction of legislative restrictions on the ability to persuade women to abstain from childbearing through abortion is explained by the requests of pregnant women themselves, who are forced to make negative reproductive choices against their will during periods of emotional instability. This study aims to protect their rights, ensure demographic security, and achieve national development goals by increasing Russia's population.