Sober Movement in Russia on the Eve of the Wine Reform of 1863

The relevance. The sober movement is a unique form of protest of the masses against the arbitrariness of the ransom. Its research has a long tradition. However, a number of aspects are insufficiently studied. Unconditional topicality and significance for understanding the essence of the process of Russia's renewal during the reign of Alexander II. has a scientific analysis of national unity and resilience in countering the arbitrariness of the ransom.
The purpose the article is to reveal the true reasons for the national unity and staunchness in the refusal to drink ransom wine in 1858-1859.
The objectives. The formulated goal was concretized in the following tasks: to reveal the reasons for the emergence of a sober movement in Russia; demonstrate the scope of the popular protest; explain the government's reaction to the refusal to buy the buy-out wine; explain the essence of popular protest.
Methodology. The article was written using the contextual-historical method, which provided an opportunity to fit a sober movement into the context of social processes of the mid-19th century, the historical-genetic method, revealing the essence of folk vows, the historical-comparative method aimed at finding identical social conflicts.
Results. The authors point out that the abolition of the wine lease, which was expected for many years, did not take place in 1858, and the next lease sale was announced. The tax-farmers used the last four-year ransom to increase their own income, the price of alcohol rose. The rise in the price of alcohol was perceived by the people as a personal insult. The European part of the country was swept by a sober movement, expressed in passive and open opposition to the tax farmers. Protest activity threatened the treasury with shortfalls. The government took measures to curb the popular protest, right up to the introduction of military commands into the provinces engulfed in drinking riots.
Conclusions. The sober movement was a visible confirmation of the conflict between the tax farmers and the people. The people showed unity and steadfastness in opposing the tax farmers, taking the rise in the price of alcohol as a personal insult. Wanting to remove the social conflict, the supreme power replaced the buyout with excise tax.

1. Pryzhov I. G. Istoriya kabakov v Rossii v svyazi s istoriej russkogo naroda [The history of pubs in Russia in connection with the history of the Russian people]. St. Petersburg; Moscow, Tip. M. O. Vol'f, 1868. 320 p.

2. Dobrolyubov N. A. Narodnoe delo. Rasprostranenie obshchestv trezvosti [People's business. The spread of temperance societies]. Sobranie sochinenij [Collected works]. Moscow, Goslitizdat Publ., 1952, vol. 2, pp. 279–315.

3. Gercen A. I. Finansovye mery a la Van'ka Kain [Financial measures and la Roly Kain]. Kolokol = Kolokol, 1859, November1, pp. 454–455.

4. Petrishchev A. B. Iz istorii kabakov v Rossii [From the history of pubs in Russia]. St. Petersburg, Russkaya Skoropechatnya, 1906. 38 p.

5. Lebedev V. A. Pitejnoe delo [Drinking business]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata Publ., 1898. 106 p.

6. Lur'e G. Pitejnye bunty 1859 goda i P.P. Lin'kov-Kochkin [The drinking riots of 1859 and P. P. Linkov-Kochkin]. Zven'ya. Sbornik materialov i dokumentov po istorii literatury, iskusstva i obshchestvennoj zhizni XIX v. [Links. Collection of materials and documents on the history of literature, art and public life of the XIX century]. Moscow, Leningrad, Academia Publ., 1934, books 3–4, pp. 855–876.

7. Dergachev A. F. Krest'yanskoe dvizhenie v Penzenskoj gubernii nakanune reformy 1861 goda (1840–1861 gg.) [The peasant movement in the Penza province on the eve of the reform of 1861 (1840–1861)]. Penza, Penz. kn. izd-vo, 1958. 140 p.

8. Fedorov V. A. Krest'yanskoe trezvennoe dvizhenie 1858–1860 gg. [The peasant sober movement of 1858-1860]. Revolyucionnaya situaciya 1859−1860 gg. Sbornik trudov [The revolutionary situation of 1859-1860. Collection of works]. Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1962, pp. 107–125.

9. Mayurov A. I. 150-letie nachala organizovannogo trezvennicheskogo dvizheniya v Rossii [150th anniversary of the beginning of the organized teetotal movement in Russia]. Zdorov'e i obrazovanie v XIX veke = Health and education in the XIX century, 2008, no. 1, pp. 96–107.

10. Sergeev A. V. "Trezvennoe dvizhenie" 1858–1860-h godov kak netipichnaya forma social'nogo protesta [The "Sober Movement" of the 1858-1860s as an atypical form of social protest]. Istoriya gosudarstva i prava = History of the State and law, 2018, no. 12, pp. 66–70.

11. Goryushkina N. E. Pochemu dali "vol'nuyu" pitiyam? K voprosu o podgotovke vinnoj reformy 1861 g. [Why were they given "free" drinks? On the question of preparing the wine reform of 1861]. Izvestiya Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A. I. Gercena = Izvestiya of the A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, 2011, no. 140, pp. 20–26.

12. GARF (Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Rossijskoj Federacii) [State Archive of the Russian Federation], f. 722, op. 1, d. 464, l. 395.

13. Blioh I. S. Finansy Rossii XIX stoletiya. Istoriya – statistika [Finance of Russia of the XIX century. History-statistics]. St. Petersburg, Tip. tov-va "Obshchestvennaya pol'za", 1882, vol. 3. 232 p.

14. Sudejkin V. T. Aleksandr Maksimovich Knyazhevich [Alexander Maksimovich Knyazhevich]. Russkaya starina = Russian antiquity. G. 24, 1892, vol. 76, pp. 398–432.

15. GARF, f. 109, op. 3, d. 1750, l. 4 ob.

16. RGIA (Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj istoricheskij arhiv) [Russian State Historical Archive], f. 574, op. 1, d. 1.

17. GARF, f. 828, op. 1, d. 1346.

18. Shipov S. O trezvosti v Rossii [About sobriety in Russia]. St. Petersburg, Tip. S. Bekeneva Publ., 1859. 44 p.

19. RGIA, f. 571, op. 8, d. 196, l. 8, 10, 37, 85, 94–94 ob., 132, 211, 224, 252–252 ob.

20. GARF, f. 815, op. 1, d. 83.

21. GARF, f. 815, op. 1, d. 85.

22. Krischn D. Zabytaya reforma: otmena vinnyh otkupov [The forgotten reform: the abolition of wine purchases]. Velikie reformy v Rossii. 1856–1874. Sbornik [Great reforms in Russia. 1856-1874. Collection]. Moscow, Moscow Univ. Publ., 1992, pp. 126–139.

23. Reshetnikov F. M. Glumovy. Gde luchshe? [The Glumovs. Where is it better?]. Moscow, 1958. 645 p.

24. Kornilov A. A. Krest'yanskaya reforma v Kaluzhskoj gubernii pri V. A. Arcimoviche [Peasant reform in the Kaluga Province under V. A. Artsimovich]. St. Petersburg, Tip. M. M. Stasyulevicha, 1904. 276 p.

25. Gercen A. N. Stat'i iz Kolokola i drugie proizvedeniya 1859–1860 godov [Articles from the Bell and other works of 1859–1860]. Sobranie Sochinenij [Collected Works]. Moscow, Izdvo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1958, vol. 14, 700 p.

26. RGIA, f. 571, op. 8, d. 196, l. 64–64 ob., 252–252 ob.

27. Krest'yanskoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1857 – mae 1861 gg. Sbornik dokumentov [The peasant movement in Russia in 1857-May 1861. Collection of documents]. Moscow, Socekgiz Publ., 1963. 882 p.

28. Kader S. A. Vinnaya regaliya i monopol'naya Sistema [Wine regalia and monopoly system]. Vitebsk, Gub. tip.-lit., 1897. 94 p.