Fundamentals of the Organization of Alcohol Turnover in Russia (1863–1894)

The relevance of the stated topic is due to the importance of studying the changes in the drinking trade that occurred with the introduction of the excise tax. It is necessary to place emphasis on the degree of freedom in the movement of alcohol from the producer to the consumer during excise time. Given the constant search for a balance in the system of permits and prohibitions regulating the modern alcohol market, the experience of "free" sale of drinks is also relevant in a practical way.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the basics of the excise organization of the drinking trade in terms of the freedom of alcohol turnover.
The objectives concretize the purpose of the article and are to: 1) identify innovations in the organization of drinks during the excise period; 2) indicate the direction of the development of the "Regulation on drinking collection" measures; 3) answer the question: was there a "free" drinking trade under the excise tax.
The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, due to which changes in the organization of alcohol circulation are considered in the corresponding historical period of time, in interconnection and interdependence. In addition, the comparative-historical and problem-chronological approaches were applied, which made it possible to indicate the direction of the measures developing the excise legislation.
Results. The article highlights the basic principles of organizing the drinking trade during the excise period, including the indication of the places and times of the sale of alcohol, authorities and individuals endowed with permissive rights regarding drinking trade, types of shops selling drinks, take-away and in combination. The persons who received the right to drink bargaining, and the grounds for prohibiting the opening of alcohol trade, a list of documents that require registration at the beginning of a drinking sale are named. The sale of alcohol began to be carried out in wholesale, retail and small batches. The legislator outlined the circle of persons to whom the drinking trade was open, indicated the areas where the sale of drinks was allowed, set the time for the sale of alcoholic beverages. The measures taken to develop the basic law limited the "liberties" of the excise trade. The number of places where alcohol was sold was influenced by government measures by the mid-1870s. has stabilized and has remained almost unchanged over the past two decades. Drinking establishments were controlled by excise departments, the police and local bodies of an elective-estate character. By the law of May 14, 1885, the supervision of retail trade was called upon to strengthen the presence of the county on drinking affairs, and in the cities - the city councils.
Conclusions. The "Regulations on Drinking Collection" opened a new stage in the development of the alcohol market. The "free" sale of drinks under the excise tax was an orderly process, enclosed in the framework of strict drinking rules. Every year the limits of drinking freedom were loaned.

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