Typology of Political Change in European Parliamentary Monarchies

The relevance of the article is determined by the dynamism and systemic variability of the European political process, which is characterized by political changes in state institutions, their renewal and adaptation to modern realities. Taking into account the fact that 11 European states are parliamentary monarchies, special attention should be paid to the analysis of political changes characteristic of states with this type of form of government in view of the special political uniqueness of monarchical state power. The construction of a theoretical model that structures the political changes of European parliamentary monarchies will make it possible to deepen systemic studies aimed at identifying the essential characteristics of European states with an appropriate form of government.
The purpose of the article is to build a typology of political changes affecting European states with a parliamentary-monarchical form of government.
The objectives of the research include the development, structuring, systematization and illustration of the types of political changes in a number of variables that reveal political signs and properties of political changes, including their impact on the political process and the political system.
The research methodology is based on the principles, approaches and methods of political science. Particular attention is paid to the application of systemic, historical, structural-functional and comparative research methods.
The results. This study offers a typology of political change based on the historical period, the nature of the political change, and its impact on the form of government. Each group of types of political changes has several varieties, allowing you to classify any political change in European parliamentary monarchies, allowing it to be attributed to several categories.
The conclusions. Political changes taking place in European parliamentary monarchies are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon reflecting the development of the European political process and the adaptation of the political systems of states to the needs of political actors and public interests. Their heterogeneity and multidimensionality does not allow considering these political changes in one-dimensional categories of analysis, due to which the need for their typology is recognized, the generally accepted model of which is absent in modern Russian scientific discourse. Different types of political changes can initiate different types of political scenarios, which is an important factor contributing to political analysis of the current situation of European parliamentary monarchies, as well as political forecasting of subsequent political changes, including potential changes in the form of government in some situations.

1. Bejdina T. E., Popov Yu. A. Definicii "Politicheskij process", "Politicheskie izmeneniya", "Politicheskoe razvitie" v nauchnom diskurse [Definitions of "Political process", "Political changes", "Political development" in scientific discourse]. Vestnik Zabajkal'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta = Bulletin of the Trans-Baikal State University, 2018, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 39–49.

2. Cybakov D. L. Bor'ba ideologij v sovremennom politicheskom processe: informacionnopsihologicheskij aspekt [The struggle of ideologies in the modern political process: informational and psychological aspect]. Srednerusskij vestnik obshchestvennyh nauk = Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences, 2009, no. 2 (9), pp. 129–133.

3. Kabackij M. S. Istoricheskij i sovremennyj opyt razvitiya instituta evropejskih parlamentskih monarhij [Historical and modern experience of the development of the Institute of European parliamentary monarchies]. Vestnik gosudarstvennogo i municipal'nogo upravleniya = Bulletin of State and Municipal Administration, 2021, no. 1 (39), pp. 69–75.

4. Kabackij M. S. Sovremennoe polozhenie instituta monarha v Korolevstve Bel'giya [The current situation of the institution of the monarch in the Kingdom of Belgium]. Srednerusskij vestnik obshchestvennyh nauk = Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences, 2020, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 198–209.

5. Veliev A. E. [The concept and features of the monarchy as a form of government]. Proryvnye nauchnye issledovaniya kak dvigatel' nauki. Sbornik statej Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii [Breakthrough scientific research as the engine of science: a collection of articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Ufa, Omega Sajns Publ., 2016, pp. 124–126. (In Russ.)

6. Golubeva L. A. [The form of the state and the political regime: terms and the ratio of their content]. Problemy yuridicheskoj praktiki. Dvenadcatye Spiridonovskie chteniya. Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-teoreticheskaya konferenciya [Problems of legal practice. The Twelfth Spiridon Readings: International Scientific and Theoretical Conference]. St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg in-t vneshneekonomicheskih svyazej, ekonomii i prava, 2015, pp. 232–241. (In Russ.)

7. Kononenko D. H. Obshchaya harakteristika kontrol'nyh funkcij parlamenta v gosudarstvah s monarhicheskoj formoj pravleniya [General characteristics of the control functions of parliament in states with a monarchical form of government]. Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika = Law and the State: theory and practice, 2017, no. 4 (148), pp. 27–30.

8. Kochetkova P. V., Krylova K. V. [Forms of existence of modern monarchies]. Aktual'nye problemy sovremennogo konstitucionalizma. Materialy III Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii [Actual problems of modern constitutionalism. Materials of the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference]. Penza, Penza St. Univ. Publ., 2018, pp. 186–191.

9. Dolinovskij S. L. Stanovlenie i razvitie parlamentskoj monarhii v Velikobritanii [Formation and development of the parliamentary monarchy in Great Britain]. Istoriya gosudarstva i prava = History of State and Law, 2008, no. 17, pp. 35–37.

10. Salimgareev I. I. Osobennosti sistemy gosudarstvennogo upravleniya v Velikobritanii [Features of the public administration system in the UK]. Alleya nauki = Alley of Science, 2021, vol. 1, no. 5 (56), pp. 765–767.

11. Talova M. I. Problemy formirovaniya verhnej palaty parlamenta – palaty lordov v Velikobritanii v konce XX – nachale XXI vekov [Problems of formation of the upper house of Parliament - the House of Lords in Great Britain in the late XX - early XXI centuries]. Filo Ariande, 2019, no. 1 (13), pp. 103–111.

12. Cybakov D. L. Militarizaciya mezhgosudarstvennyh soyuzov v postbipolyarnom mire: posledstviya dlya nacional'nyh interesov Rossii [Militarization of Interstate Unions in the Post-Bipolar world: Consequences for Russia's National Interests]. Vlast' = Power, 2012, no. 1, pp. 161–165.

13. Zosimova M. P. Prichiny i usloviya stabil'nosti politicheskogo rezhima na primere demokraticheskogo rezhima v Norvegii [Reasons and conditions for the stability of the political regime on the example of the democratic regime in Norway]. Molodoj uchenyj = Young Scientist, 2015, no. 2 (82), pp. 426–428.

14. Karimov D. A. Pravovoj status monarhii: teoreticheskie osnovy, i novyj vzglyad na staruyu problemu [The legal status of the monarchy: theoretical foundations, and a new look at the old problem]. Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie = State power and local selfgovernment, 2009, no. 4, pp. 2–6.

15. Kulikov S. P., Kun'shchikov S. V. [The influence of globalization on political regimes: the experience of statistical analysis of the indices of globalization and political regimes]. Kul'tura, lichnost', obshchestvo v sovremennom mire: metodologiya, opyt empiricheskogo issledovaniya. Materialy XXI Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii pamyati prof. L. N. Kogana [Culture, personality, society in the modern world: methodology, empirical research experience. Materials of the XXI International Conference in Memory of Prof. L. N. Kogan]. Ekaterinburg, Ural. Feder. Univ. im. Pervogo Prezidenta Rossii B. N. El'cina, 2018, pp. 2126–2135.