Principles of civil procedure: the concept, classification and ways of expression

Relevance. The modern judicial system of the Russian Federation operates in an environment where the role of legal principles as the basis for legality, fairness, and efficiency in civil proceedings is increasing. However, law enforcement faces challenges due to the lack of a unified and clearly structured list of principles, differences in their legal regulation, and ambiguous interpretations. In the context of digitalization and legal system reforms, it is crucial to address the fragmented legal regulation of the fundamentals of civil proceedings.

Purpose ‒ to identify and theoretically substantiate systemic contradictions between the scientific understanding and legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings, which hinder the uniformity of judicial practice.

Objectives: Generalize and systematize the existing approaches in legal science to the classification of the principles of civil proceedings on three grounds: the scope of action, the object of legal regulation, and the source of legislative consolidation; Identify gaps and contradictions in the legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings in the Russian legal system.

Methodology. The study is based on the dialectical method, formal legal and comparative legal analysis, logical generalization, as well as systematic and historical-legal approaches. This comprehensive methodology ensured an integrated examination of the issue from both theoretical and practical perspectives.

Results. Gaps and contradictions in the legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings in the Russian legal system have been identified, confirming their fragmented nature. The actual influence of scientifically substantiated but not legally enshrined principles (objective truth, procedural activity of the court, and dispositivity) on the practice of law application has been established.

Conclusion. There is an objective need to overcome the fragmentation of legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings, which makes it a promising area for further research to develop scientifically grounded proposals for optimizing the interaction of regulatory and doctrinal principles of civil proceedings aimed at strengthening the systemic coherence of civil procedural legislation.

1. Skorobogatov A.V., Krasnov A.V., Latyshev O.Yu. The nature of the principles of civil procedural law. In: Voitovich L.V. (ed.) Printsipy grazhdanskogo, arbitrazhnogo i administrativnogo sudoproizvodstva: problemy teorii i praktiki : sbornik nauchnykh statei = Principles of civil, arbitration and administrative proceedings: problems of theory and practice: collection of scientific articles. St. Petersburg: Tsentr nauchno-informatsionnykh tekhnologii "Asterion"; 2021. P. 69-79. EDN IUGGBI. (In Russ.)

2. Terekhova L.A. Consolidation of the principles of judicial proceedings in the Code of Administrative Procedure and the Code of Civil Procedure. Pravoprimenenie = Law Enforce-ment. 2020;4(3):139-147. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2020.4(3).139-147. EDN DAYYMA.

3. Ivanchenko E.A., Vorotilina T.V. Selected problems of compliance and implementation of the principles of civil procedure. Ekonomika. Pravo. Obshchestvo = Economy. Right. Society. 2022;7(2):64-70. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21686/2411-118X-2022-2-64-70. EDN ADNLWO.

4. Mel'nik S.V., Nadtachaev P. V., Gomozova O.Yu. The moral content of the principles of civil procedure. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii = Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2023;(2):142-146. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-0454-2023-2-142-146. EDN DIMYET.

5. Kurbanov D.A. Classification of principles of civil procedural law. In: Nauchnye issledovaniya i sovremennoe obrazovanie: materialy II Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii = Scientific research and modern education: materials of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Cheboksary: Tsentr nauchnogo sotrudnichestva "Interaktiv plyus"; 2022. P. 167-170. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.21661/r-558369. EDN YGIGQK.

6. Osokina G.L. Principles of civil, arbitration and administrative proceedings: comparative legal aspect. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo = Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Right. 2022;(43):140-150. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17223/22253513/43/12. EDN MFEFXI.

7. Isaenkova O.V. Principles of civil procedure and enforcement proceedings: general and special. In: Aktual'nye voprosy grazhdanskogo, arbitrazhnogo, administrativnogo sudoproizvodstva: teoriya, metodologiya, praktika: sbornik nauchnykh trudov = Actual issues of civil, arbitration, administrative proceedings: theory, methodology, practice: collection of scientific papers. Krasnodar: Kuban. gos. un-t; 2023. P. 32-40. EDN WLZPMM. (In Russ.)

8. Fomin A.A. The right to judicial protection as a constitutional principle of justice and the basis for ensuring the legal security of citizens. In: Matchanova Z.Sh. (ed.) Printsipy grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo prava: problemy pravovogo zakrepleniya, tolkovaniya i pravoprimeneniya: sbornik statei po materialam Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii = Principles of civil procedural law: problems of legal consolidation, interpretation and enforcement: collection of articles based on the materials of the International scientific and practical conference. St. Petersburg: Tsentr nauchno-informatsionnykh tekhnologii "Asterion"; 2020. P. 173-182. (In Russ.) EDN HWFRBH.

9. Isaenkova O.V. Principles of civil procedural law: concept, classification and development trends. Yuridicheskii analiticheskii zhurnal = Legal Analytical Journal. 2022;17(2):7-23. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18287/1810-4088-2022-17-2-7-23. EDN ENSVIR.

10. Ilyukhina V.A. Principles of objective truth and judicial activity as doctrinal principles of law. Vestnik Voronezhskogo instituta MVD Rossii = Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2023;(3):262-266. (In Russ.) EDN OJGGOO.

11. Kharitonova Yu.S., Yan T. Legal problems of transformation of the basic principles of justice in the context of digitalization of the civil process in Russia and China. Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa = Bulletin of Civil Procedure. 2023;13(1):203-235. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24031/2226-0781-2023-13-1-203-235. EDN SYWPWK.

12. Fedina A.S. The impact of the processes of informatization and digitalization of the justice sector on the implementation of certain principles of civil procedure. Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina (MGYuA) = Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2025;(2):110-117. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2025.126.2.110-117.

13. Merkulova T.N. Principles of civil procedural law: current state, development trends. Uchenye zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskogo imeni V.B. Bobkova filiala Rossiiskoi tamozhennoi aka-demii = Scientific Letters of Russian Customs Academy St.-Petersburg branch named after Vladimir Bobkov. 2021;(3):106-109. (In Russ.) EDN TTRANA.

14. Loshkarev A.V., Bryantseva V.A. Correlation of the principle of oral civil procedure with simplified production. Voprosy ekonomiki i prava = Issues of Economics and Law. 2021;(154):39-40. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14451/2.154.39. EDN CPUSJH.

15. Yakovenko E.V. Problems of correlation of the principle of dispositivity and obligatory complicity in civil proceedings. Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika = Law and the State: theory and practice. 2023;(12):397-400. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2023_12_397. EDN EMZRLB.