The Establishment of the Hotel Business in Peter's Russia (1704–1725)

The relevance of the article is due to the systematization of available information about the formation of the hotel business in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century. The authors identified and processed the legislative material on "hotels", explained the measures of Peter the Great on taxation of hotel establishments.
The purpose of the article is to systematize information about the establishment of the hotel business in Petrovsky Russia.
The objectives arising from the set goal are to: to highlight the state of places for staying in the pre-Petrine period; to indicate innovations in the hotel business characteristic of the era of Peter I; to reveal the reasons for numerous changes in the ways of organizing the tax on "hotels".
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, which are aimed at an impartial assessment of events, making judgments based on a comprehensive analysis of facts, considering phenomena in the context of a specific historical epoch. Historical-anthropological, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods have found their application.
Results. In the pre-Petrine period, the hotel business was poorly developed. The first forms of "hotels" were inns and guest houses. Cramping in comfort was a natural phenomenon for them. Under Peter I, Western–type hotel establishments appeared in Russia - living rooms at the post offices, inns. The hotel business is developing qualitatively and quantitatively. Needing funds to wage a protracted Northern War, the tsar imposed a tax on houses intended for "standing". Different taxation systems were tried – state monopoly and pay-off.
Conclusions. The Petrovsky period occupies a special place in the formation of the hotel business. Along with the traditional Russian houses "for standing", European-style hotels have opened. The urgent need for funds required their strict systematization and taxation.

1. Georgi I. I. Opisanie rossiisko-imperatorskago stolichnogo goroda Sankt-Peterburga i dostopamyatnostei v okrestnostyakh onago [Description of the Russian-Imperial capital city of St. Petersburg and the memorabilia in the vicinity of it]. St. Petersburg, Pri Imperatorskom Shlyakhetskom sukhoputnom kadetskom korpuse, 1794. 576 p.

2. Prygov I. G. Istoriya kabakov v Rossii v svyazi s istoriei russkogo Naroda [The history of kabakov in Russia in connection with the history of the Russian people]. St. Petersburg, Moscow, M. O. Wolf Publ., 1868. 320 p.

3. Karamzin N. M. Istoriya gosudarstva rossiiskogo [The History of the Russian state]. St. Petersburg, Izhdiveniem knigoprodavtsa Smirdina, 1834, vol. 6. 364. 81 p.

4. Dolgikh E. V. Istoriya obshchestvennogo pitaniya v Rossii po zakonodatel'nym istochnikam (1626‒1861 gg.) [The history of public catering in Russia according to legislative sources (1626‒1861)]. Istoricheskii zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya = Historical journal: scientific research, 2015, no. 5, pp. 605‒619.

5. Chernov V. A. [Petrovsky reforms of the hotel industry]. Sostoyanie i problemy kadrovogo obespecheniya sfery kul'tury i iskusstva Dal'nego Vostoka Rossii. Sbornik materialov Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii [The state and problems of staffing in the sphere of culture and art of the Russian Far East. Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference]. Khabarovsk, Khabarovskii gos. in-t iskusstv i kul'tury Publ., 2010, pp. 288‒293. (In Russ.)

6. Goryushkina N. E. [The history of hotel business: tavern establishments in Russia in the XVIII–XIX centuries]. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii: problemy, tendentsii, perspektivy. Sbornik nauchnykh statei 19-i Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii [Socioeconomic development of Russia: problems, trends, prospects. Collection of scientific articles of the 19th International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Kursk, Financial Univ. under the Government of the Russian Federation, Kursk Branch Publ., 2020, pp. 137‒140. (In Russ.)

7. Klyuchevsky V. O. Skazaniya inostrantsev o Moskovskom gosudarstve [Tales of foreigners about the Moscow State]. Moscow, Prometei MGPI im. V. I. Lenina, 1991. 334 p.

8. Kanivets S. Russkaya gosudarstvennaya pochta (Opyt istoricheskogo ocherka) [Russian State Post (Experience of historical essay)]. Vestnik Evropy = Bulletin of Europe, 1869, vol. 11, pp. 278‒305.

9. Fabricius A. K. Pochta i narodnoe khozyaistvo v Rossii v XVII stoletii [Mail and national economy in Russia in the XVII century]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Imp. Akademii nauk, 1864. 98 p.

10. Tolstoy P. A. Puteshestvie stol'nika Petra Andreevicha Tolstago. 1697–1699 [The Journey of stolnik Pyotr Andreevich Tolstago. 1697–1699]. Moscow, Universitetskaya tip., 1888, pp. 161‒400.

11. O perepisi postoyalykh i naemnykh dvorov i o sbore s nikh ezhegodnoi podati [On the census of inns and hired yards and on the collection of annual taxes from them]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1, vol. 4, art. 1973.

12. O vzyatii vsekh postoyalykh dvorov v kaznu, s uplatoyu za onye khozyaevam deneg po spravedlivoi otsenke i ob otdache tekh dvorov na otkup [On the taking of all inns to the treasury, with payment for them to the owners of money according to a fair assessment and on the return of those yards to the mercy]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1, vol. 4, art. 1977.

13. O sbore s soderzhatelei postoyalykh dvorov chetvertoi doli ikh dokhoda [On collecting the fourth share of their income from innkeepers]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1, vol. 4, art. 2013.

14. Knyazkov S. A. Ocherki iz istorii Petra Velikogo i ego vremeni [Essays from the history of Peter the Great and his time]. St. Petersburg, Izd. knizhnogo magazina P. V. Lukovkina, 1914. 648 p.

15. Pososhkov I. T. Kniga o skudnosti i bogatstve [A book about poverty and wealth]. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2004. 406 p.

16. Ob osmotre i perepisi dvorov, dvorovykh mest, lavok i vsyakikh remeslennykh zavedenii, s pokazaniem, kakie dokhody vladel'tsy ot nikh poluchayut, i kakie podati, obroki ili povinnosti uplachivayut [On the inspection and census of courtyards, courtyards, shops and all kinds of handicraft establishments, with an indication of what income the owners receive from them, and what taxes, dues or duties they pay]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1, vol. 4, art. 2150.

17. Ob uchrezhdenii pochty ot Sankt-Peterburga do Moskvy i o naznachenii v nedele dvukh pochtovykh dnei [On the establishment of a post office from St. Petersburg to Moscow and on the appointment of two postal days in a week]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, coll. I, vol. 5, art. 2830.

18. Russkaya arkhitektura poloviny XVIII veka [Russian architecture of the half of the XVIII century]; ed. by I. E. Grabar. Moscow, Gos. izd-vo lit. po stroitel'stvu i arkhitekture, 1954. 416 p.

19. Levinsky V. D. Ukazatel' materialov po istorii pocht v Rossii [Index of materials on the history of post offices in Russia]. Moscow, Tip. Obshchestva rasprostraneniya poleznykh knig, 1881. 53 p.

20. Astakhova Yu. G., Bolshunova T. V. Gostinichnoe delo [Hotel business]. Lipetsk, Lipetsk St. Techn. Univ. Publ., 2022. 65 p.

21. Instruktsiya ili nakaz Voevodam [Instructions or instructions to the Voivodes]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1, vol. 5, art. 3294.

22. O soderzhanii dorog [On the maintenance of roads]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1. vol. 7, art. 4591.

23. O pozvolenii inozemtsu Petru Mille zavesti na Vasil'evskom ostrovu traktira [On allowing the foreigner Peter Milla to start a tavern on Vasilievsky Island]. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii = The Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, coll. 1, vol. 5, art. 3299.