Relevance. The need for this study predetermined the presence of a number of negative factors that do not contribute to the development of jurisprudence in the direction of a uniform approach to the concept and types of regulatory legal acts. Such factors are: the lack of normative consolidation of the species difference between the NPA and their ratio among themselves; continuing discussion about the forms of law equal or higher in terms of legal force (according to some authors) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; Numerous judicial practices in disputes about the priority of the use of various types of NPA. This article is the first part of the planned study in this area.

The purpose gives a doctrinal characteristic the concepts of “types” and “forms” of NPA, argue the difference between the concepts of “legal force” and “level of legal force” and argue the hierarchy of the laws of the Russian Federation.

Objectives: give a comparative characteristic of the types and forms of the NPA; develop definitions of scientific concepts “legal force” and “level of legal force” of the NPA; argue the existing hierarchy of the laws of the Russian Federation.

Methodology. When writing the article, formal-logical, systematic, historical, historical-right methods, as well as methods of synthesis and analysis of expert assessments were used.

Results. During the study, the differences between the types and forms of the NPA were revealed; Definitions of the scientific concepts of “legal force” and “level of legal force” of the NPA were developed; The hierarchy of the laws of the Russian Federation, as well as the insufficient argumentation of scientific positions on equality in terms of legal force of the Russian Constitution of various legal acts, was argued.

Conclusion. To increase the effectiveness of legal regulation of social relations and law enforcement practice, it is advisable to consolidate such concepts as: “types”, “forms” of the NPA; their "level of legal force"; the ratio of the level of legal force of federal laws and federal constitutional laws; The procedure for amendments and changes in Ch. 1.2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which the authors proposed in this article.

Relevance. The lack of a unified theoretical and legal concept of secrecy makes it difficult to form a consistent legislative regulation and contributes to the fragmentation of judicial practice, which directly negatively affects the legal regulation of sectoral types of secrets, including the secrets of judicial meetings.

The purpose of this study is to conceptually substantiate the modernization of the general theoretical institute of secrecy through the creation of a theoretical and legal model of judicial secrecy and the disclosure of its specifics as a separate type.

Objectives. The research involves solving the following interrelated tasks within the framework of the general theory of law: identifying systemic gaps in the doctrinal understanding of the category of «secrecy» by defining the legal nature and specifics of the institute of «judicial secrecy» based on historical, legal and comparative analysis; substantiating the directions of adaptation of this institute to modern challenges associated with the processes of digitalization.

Methodology. The use of historical, legal, systemic and comparative legal methods, as well as the method of critical analysis of doctrine, allowed us to establish a number of significant provisions in the context of the general theory of law: systemic factors preventing the formation of a unified doctrinal concept of «secrecy» have been identified; it has been revealed that the secrecy of judicial meetings as one of the isolated types of secrets contains significant doctrinal contradictions.

Results. Substantiate the need for legislative consolidation of a differentiated approach to the regulation of this institution, including the secrecy of judicial meetings. This kind of modernization will allow achieving an optimal balance between traditional guarantees of judicial independence and current requirements for judicial transparency, which corresponds to current trends.

Conclusions. The analysis of modern legal dynamics has shown the formation of a stable trend towards the transformation of the traditional model of absolute confidentiality towards the introduction of special mechanisms for documenting potential external influences. The results obtained substantiate the need to develop a differentiated legal regime for «judicial conference secrecy» as a separate type of secrecy, taking into account procedural specifics. The conducted research indicates the need for a theoretical revision of the institute of secrecy in Russian legal doctrine through an in-depth study of its sectoral modifications.

Relevance. The Norse expeditions to Vinland around 1000 A.D. represent a unique historical precedent of preColumbian transatlantic contacts. Despite extensive historical and archaeological research, the legal aspects of these voyages, particularly the application of medieval Scandinavian customary law in the context of developing new lands and interacting with indigenous peoples, remain insufficiently studied, which determines the relevance of this research.

The objective is to formulate a rigorous historical-legal interpretation of the Norse expeditions to Vinland to determine the legal justification for their actions and to identify the limits of their legal system's adaptability.

Objectives: to systematize the key principles of Norse customary law of the Viking Age applicable to land settlement (landnám), to conduct a comparative analysis of the legal intentions and actions of the expeditions of Leif Eriksson and Thorfinn Karlsefni, and to substantiate the reasons for the short-term Norse presence in Vinland from the perspective of legal and cross-cultural challenges.

Methodology. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach, combining historical-legal analysis to study the legal frameworks and a comparative analysis of the two key expeditions. The methodology relies on a synthesis of primary sources (the Icelandic Sagas), archaeological data from L'Anse aux Meadows, and scholarly works on medieval Scandinavian law.

Results. It has been established that Norse society possessed a developed system of customary law (lǫg), and the process of land settlement (landnám) had profound legal and sacred significance. Leif Eriksson's expedition was exploratory in nature, whereas Thorfinn Karlsefni's mission was a full-fledged attempt at colonization (landnám), which is confirmed by the emerging property relations.

Conclusion. The short-term nature of the Norse presence in Vinland was conditioned not by the absence of an internal legal framework for colonization, but by external factors: the inability of the existing legal system to regulate conflicts with the indigenous population and logistical difficulties. The Vinland experience demonstrates the limits of the applicability of Norse law in conditions of cross-cultural interaction in already inhabited territories.

Relevance. The current trends in the development of the constitutional right to appeal pose a number of new challenges for lawmakers and law enforcement practices. Despite the recognized importance of the constitutional right to appeal as a means of democratic participation in the management of state affairs, as well as the protection of human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, fundamental issues related to its essence, legal nature and functional purpose remain the subject of scientific discussion and require in-depth theoretical analysis to form a holistic scientific concept of this institution.

Purpose ‒ comprehensive disclosure of the essence of the constitutional right to appeal through the analysis of its key functions.

Objectives: to identify and systematize the key functions of the constitutional right to appeal, which determine its socio-legal purpose; to reveal its public-legal nature through the prism of the interaction of private and public interests; to substantiate the protective role of the constitutional right to appeal as a necessary procedural condition for the realization of the vast majority of constitutional rights, freedoms and legitimate interests; establish criteria for classifying this right as an institution of direct democracy.

Methodology. The present research is based on a comprehensive methodological approach combining general scientific (dialectical, integrative, systemic, analysis, synthesis) and special legal (formal legal) methods of cognition. The basis of the study was the method of functional analysis.

Results. The identifies the key functions of the constitutional right to appeal (informational, human rights, security, control, communication, management) comprehensively revealing its essence and legal nature.

Conclusion. The constitutional right to appeal has a multifunctional essence, which is manifested in the possibility of: informing public authorities about emerging problems in various spheres of public life, protecting and restoring violated rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, preventing offenses, ensuring the implementation of a wide range of constitutional rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, exercising public control, establishing a feedback channel between the government and citizens, as well as direct influence on the process of making managerial decisions.

Relevance. Discusses the principles of inheritance in the Muslim legal system. In modern conditions, due to migration, the religious foundations of the family structure associated with large families, the percentage of the Muslim population is growing almost all over the world. In such circumstances, the topic of inheritance is of particular scientific and practical interest. The institute of inheritance in Muslim countries is distinguished by certain features and specifics.

The purpose is to examine the characteristic features of inheritance according to Sharia and highlight the basic principles of inheritance in the Muslim legal system.

Objectives: to determine the order of inheritance by will and by law, taking into account the rules of Sharia, to determine the rights and obligations of heirs, the rules for the distribution of mandatory shares, freedom of probate, the division of property between heirs.

Methodology. The research methods are a systematic review of research on this topic, interpretation of legal norms, comparative analysis, as well as methods of induction and deduction.

Results. The following features of inheritance in Muslim law are highlighted: according to Sharia, there is a category of heirs who claim a mandatory share in the inheritance, regardless of the will. When making a will, the testator has the right to dispose of only one third of the inherited property, the rest of the property is reserved for mandatory heirs. Hereditary property is subject to division only after paying off all debts, giving alms and other donations provided for by religious rituals. When inheriting property, it is not divided in equal shares, but taking into account the proximity of kinship and gender, men receive twice as much property as women, and the next of kin receive a double share of inheritance, unlike relatives with a distant degree of kinship.

Conclusion. The following principles of inheritance in the Muslim legal system are highlighted: the principle of balanced justice; the principle of compulsory share in inheritance; the principle of heir replacement; restriction of freedom of probate; consideration of blood and derivative ties in inheritance by law; consideration of kinship and gender in the division of inheritance; prohibition of deprivation of compulsory share in inheritance.

Relevance. The legislation of pre-revolutionary Russia contained legal norms that endowed private law entities with a certain legal status depending on the natural and social characteristics and properties of individuals. At present, in modern Russia, in connection with the transition to the digital economy, the issue of the principles and methods of communicating to a wide range of participants in civil circulation in the digital environment information using digital communication tools about the circumstances that individualize individuals and influence their legal status is becoming very relevant. Therefore, the results of the study of the principles of notification of participants in property circulation about the civil and legal status of subjects in pre-revolutionary Russia can provide invaluable assistance to modern civilistics and practice, the legislator and law enforcement officer, and the subjects of civil law themselves.

The purpose of this study is to examine the issue of the principles of notification of participants in civil transactions about circumstances that influenced the civil status of individuals, formulated by science and enshrined in prerevolutionary legislation.

Objectives: to identify natural and social characteristics and properties of individuals that influenced their legal status; to study the principles of notification of participants in civil transactions about circumstances that influenced the legal status of Russian citizens.

Methodology. The study was conducted using general, general scientific and special methods of scientific and legal knowledge, including methods of induction, deduction, synthesis, analysis, as well as comparative legal, historical-legal and systemic-functional methods of knowledge.

Results. During the research, circumstances were identified that influenced the private legal status of Russian citizens, and methods for communicating information about them to other participants in civil transactions, as enshrined in pre-revolutionary legislation, were determined.

Conclusions. The dissemination to subjects of private law relations of information about circumstances that influenced the legal status of individuals in pre-revolutionary Russia was carried out on the basis of the principles of public and non-public notification in order to ensure the stability of civil circulation.

Relevance. A will-substituting court decision is the main legal instrument of the mechanism of judicial substitution of the will of subjects of civil law, but despite the scientific recognition of the concept of judicial substitution of the will of subjects of civil law, the concept of a will-substituting court decision has not been developed, but is already used in decisions of Russian courts, which predetermines the importance of its theoretical study.

The purpose of the study is to develop scientifically substantiated provisions on a will-substituting court decision.

Research: formulating the author's definition of the concept of will; identifying the types of substitution of the will of subjects of civil law; developing the concept of a will-substituting court decision and analyzing the limits of judicial intervention in the volitional aspect of subjects of civil law.

Methodology. The study is based on the general dialectical method, the method of analysis, the formal-legal method, and the comparative-legal method.

Results. In order to develop a methodology for judicial substitution of will, it is determined that the will should be understood as the result of a conscious choice by the subject of an option for his own behavior. Substitution of the will of subjects of civil law, depending on the presence of a jurisdictional feature in the process of formation of the will, can be of two types: 1) extra-judicial substitution of will; 2) judicial substitution of will. As a result of judicial substitution of will, a transaction is not concluded, but a will-substituting court decision is issued, which is a replacement (alternative) to the transaction.

Conclusions. A will-substituting court decision is understood as a positive court decision that forcibly supplements the missing will and/or transactional expression of will of subjects of civil law and, at the moment of entry into legal force, proclaims the fiction of the expression of will, which does not require the actual performance of any actions by the subject of law.

Relevance. Despite the existence of Russian legislation aimed at protecting electronic means of payment from fraudulent actions, the wording of key logical and linguistic aspects in this area is not always precise and clear. This creates an urgent need for a clear and unambiguous interpretation of the main provisions defining the objective and subjective characteristics of fraudulent actions using electronic payment instruments, as defined in Article 159.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Purpose: to identify the most complex issues that arise when determining the elements of a crime under Article 159.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure the lawful classification of acts under this provision and to distinguish it from related crimes.

Objectives: to study legislation and case law to determine existing legal formulations describing the signs of fraudulent actions using electronic payment systems and to propose legal options for their interpretation.

Methodology. In studying the research problem, general and specific methods of cognition were used: dialectical, theoretical and empirical, logical, system-structural, statistical methods and content analysis of documents.

Results. The article examines legislative, judicial decisions and theoretical works concerning the formulation and interpretation of logical and linguistic phenomena included in the objective and subjective signs of fraudulent actions using electronic payment instruments. Definitions are formulated that most adequately reflect the generally accepted nature of their application in the legal assessment of acts under Article 159.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Conclusions. Certain problematic aspects concerning the conceptual apparatus of the elements of a crime described in Article 159.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation have been identified, and those that orient theory and practice toward the use of formulations found in regulatory acts and materials of judicial practice have been substantiated.

Relevance. The digitalization of various spheres of activity has led to an increase in crime, which served as a basis for studying the forensic understanding of electronic information. In modern realities, electronic evidence is actively developing. Criminologically significant data contained in social networks, messengers, on internet sites, electronic media are widely used for solving and investigating crimes. The seizure of an electronic medium and copying electronic information is an important tool for establishing circumstances of criminal cases.

The purpose of the study is to analyze legal and forensic aspects of regulating the seizure of electronic information within the framework of criminal proceedings.

Research objectives include examining norms of criminal procedural legislation concerning the seizure of electronic information in judicial practice, as well as studying court practice in this context.

Methodology. The results of the research were obtained using such methods as historical, comparative, legal analysis and synthesis, contributing to achieving the goal of the study and solving planned tasks.

Results. Examines problematic aspects of legal regulation regarding the seizure of electronic media and its copies. Current legislation, court practice, and scientists' positions on seizing electronic media and copying information from them have been analyzed. Special attention is paid to the participation of specialists during the seizure of criminally relevant electronic information. The authors offer their own vision of these issues, promoting legal regulation of obtaining electronic information.

Conclusion. During the study, criminal procedural legislation, scientific literature, and court practice related to the legal and forensic aspects of the seizure of information in the digital space was conducted, allowing systematization of existing knowledge in this area and determining further prospects for collecting evidential electronic information.

Relevance. Amendments introduced by Federal Law of 24 June 2025 No. 176–FZ to Article 187 of the Russian Criminal Code target abuses involving electronic means of payment. Yet these novelties generate issues of legal certainty, norm competition, risks of objective liability, and controversial provisions on exemption from criminal liability, which makes their assessment timely for scholarship and practice.

The purpose ‒ to substantiate a doctrinally sound model of criminal-law regulation of operations with electronic means of payment by identifying drafting defects and inconsistencies with foundational principles of criminal law.

Objectives: to determine terminological and structural inconsistencies of Article 187 with the current legal framework and the architecture of the Special Part. To delineate the boundaries of interaction with adjacent offences (theft, fraud, unlawful banking activity) and with constitutional principles of culpability. To assess the expediency of the newly introduced special ground for exemption from liability applicable to “droppers.”

Methodology. Formal-legal, systemic and comparative methods; doctrinal analysis; interpretation in light of Constitutional Court positions; logical–structural reconstruction of offence elements and their conflict–of–laws patterns.

Results. The study reveals: terminological collisions between criminal and financial legislation; substitution of complicity by standalone offences, leading to fragmentation of liability; gaps in differentiation from related offences and a heightened risk of arbitrary qualification; the existence of a special exemption clause for minor offences duplicating the general rule of Article 75 of the Criminal Code.

Conclusion. Harmonisation of terminology with sectoral acts is recommended; abandonment of separate criminalisation for acts already covered by complicity; explicit requirements regarding mens rea; clarification criteria vis-àvis adjacent offences; and unification of exemption from liability provisions. These measures promote adherence to the culpability principle, legal certainty, and systemic coherence of criminal legislation.

Relevance. The digitalization of the communication space and the development of social media have led to the formation of stable channels for the dissemination of far-right extremist ideology among young people, which poses a direct threat to the constitutional foundations of the Russian Federation. The use of latent forms of propaganda by radical actors through memetic constructions, cryptonyms, and gamified narratives significantly complicates the qualification of such acts by law enforcement agencies.

The purpose of the study is to develop a scientifically based methodology for the forensic linguistic analysis of youth-oriented digital content and to develop algorithmized criteria for identifying far-right extremist propaganda to ensure uniformity of expert practice and increase the effectiveness of criminal law counteraction to youth extremism.

Objectives: systematization of typological features and speech strategies of ultra-right discourse in the Internet space; analysis of the normative and doctrinal foundations of expert procedures in extremist cases involving minors; formation of a multi-level matrix of linguistic and semiotic indicators relevant to the age specifics of addressees; development of standardized guidelines for expert practice.

Methodology. The research is based on an integrative interdisciplinary approach combining the methods of corpus linguistics, semantic, pragmatic and discursive analysis with normative and legal analysis. The empirical base was made up of a corpus of 11.8 million word usage from 37 ultra-right Internet resources. Statistical methods, latent semantic decomposition, and cluster analysis with cross-validation were used.

The results of the study reveal four classes of linguistic markers of extremist content (cryptonymized symbols, transliterated Anglo-Americanisms, gamified militaristic metaphors, memetic constructions) and a variety of speech strategies of ultra-right discourse. A process-appropriate methodology of expert analysis has been developed, ensuring reproducibility of the results and compliance with the requirements of the CPC of the Russian Federation.

Conclusion. The proposed method of forensic linguistic analysis is a scientifically based toolkit for identifying latent markers of extremist propaganda in the youth digital environment. Its implementation in the practice of investigative bodies and judicial institutions will help to increase the effectiveness of countering youth extremism while unconditionally respecting the constitutional guarantees of the rights of minors and the principles of fair justice.

Relevance. The massive digitalization of Generation Z's communication practices has given rise to the phenomenon of "Zumerian" slang, a dynamically developing language system actively used to mask illegal content in youth online communities. In the context of an increasing number of crimes related to the dissemination of prohibited information via the Internet (by 29% in the Kursk region in 2023), where 63% of those brought to justice are persons aged 14-25, there is an urgent need to develop effective mechanisms for detecting and suppressing cryptologically disguised communications.

The purpose of the study is to identify and describe criminologically significant properties of "Zumerian" slang as a tool for concealing illegal information in regional online communities, as well as to develop organizational, legal and linguistic recommendations for law enforcement agencies on the effective detection and qualification of such communications.

Objectives: revealed the mechanisms of semiotic masking (euphemization, graphic mimicry, emoji coding), established correlations between jargon markers and types of illegal content, and developed proposals for improving legislation.

Methodology. The study uses an interdisciplinary approach combining the methods of forensic linguistic examination, corpus analysis, statistical data processing (χ2-criterion, coefficient of terminological saturation), contextual and situational analysis of jargon and the formal logical method.

The results of the study are: the establishment of four dominant thematic clusters of illegal content (drug trafficking ‒ 41%, cybercrime ‒ 23%, extremism – 12%, suicidal content – 9%); identification of stable lexico–semantic masking patterns; development of proposals for the creation of a state lexicographic registry of jargon codes and federal information system "Krimlex"; substantiation of the institute of complex situational and semiotic expertise.

Conclusion. "Zumerian" slang has evolved from a means of intra-group communication into an effective tool for cryptological masking of illegal content. The identified mechanisms of semiotic transformation create significant obstacles for law enforcement activities. The proposed amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Operational Investigative Activities" are aimed at institutionalizing mechanisms for fixing and interpreting jargon markers, which will ensure uniformity of law enforcement practice and increase the effectiveness of combating crimes in the digital environment.

Relevance. Corruption as a negative social phenomenon, necessitates the identification of the most effective measures for its prevention, highlighting the need to find mechanisms for countering corruption and identifying priority anti-corruption activities. The expression of corruption through corruption crimes and other corruption-related offenses that are integrated into social relations in various social spheres determines the problem of insufficient study of corruption as a sociocultural phenomenon and its features, changes, and transformations in modern society.

Research objective is to identify the features of corruption transformations and the mechanism of criminological counteraction to it as a negative sociocultural phenomenon in modern society.

Objectives: scientific understanding of corruption as a sociocultural phenomenon and its transformations in modern society; modeling the mechanism of countering corruption as a criminological construct and disclosure of its members conceptual, strategic, and subject-object elements under the anti-corruption ideological principle.

The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition, including dialectical, logical-epistemological, and gnoseological methods, as well as functional, comparative legal, sociological, and psychological methods, and the method of modeling and risk analysis.

Results. The author identifies possible transformations of corruption as a sociocultural phenomenon and its criminological prerequisites; the features of corruption's transformation in modern conditions are analyzed through the transformation of the criminal's personality and corrupt criminal behavior, which predetermined anti-corruption measures and formed the basis for the mechanism of criminological counteraction to corruption.

Conclusions. The research results make a certain contribution to solving the problem of preventing corruption by developing a model of the criminological mechanism of countering the phenomenon under study and identifying the elements (links) of the components of this construct, taking into account the current transformations of corruption acts and the personality of the criminal, which served as the basis for the author's proposals for improving anticorruption activities and the legislation that ensures them.

Relevance. In the context of the improvement of Russian statehood, the issues of its ideological and theoretical foundations are becoming particularly relevant.

The purpose of the work is to consider the ideology of the Russian Empire as a specific form of civilizationalidentity and political legitimization.

Objective. To do this, it is proposed to solve the following tasks: to analyze the relationship between civilization and empire; to analyze the triad "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality" and the mechanisms of its institutional reproduction through the Church, the army, the bureaucracy and the education system.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the work consists of historical, philosophical and civilizational approaches that allow us to consider the Russian Empire as a unique political and cultural phenomenon in which sacred and cultural foundations are combined with the institutional practice of integrating a multinational space. Research approaches include the analysis of ideological constructions, the comparison of official doctrines and alternative narratives of legitimacy, as well as the study of practices for translating ideology into public life.

Results. As a result of the analysis, the ontology of the "civilizational" is clarified through the prism of the imperial form, and patterns of interaction between religious, cultural, and political-institutional factors in building legitimacyare revealed. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of using the historical experience of the Russian Empire to comprehend modern strategies of political consolidation, strengthening national identity and countering ideological fragmentation in a multipolar world.

Conclusion. The stability of the Russian Empire was ensured by a combination of a universal religious and cultural basis and flexible adaptation to regional diversity, but the crisis of legitimacy came when the official ideology lost its ability to mobilize society and compete with alternative narratives ‒ liberal, socialist and national, which were mainly followed by representatives of the elite.

Relevance. The article is devoted to a critical analysis of existing scientific approaches to the problem of international migration in the post-Soviet space. The need to increase research on the interrelationship of transnational migration processes with issues of national, regional and international security is emphasized. It is necessary to determine the possibilities of the existing scientific paradigm for understanding the real consequences of international migration for the national and state interests of Russia. The task of overcoming the methodological crisis of migration science, freeing scientific schools from ideological bias, and bringing the provisions of scientific concepts and the doctrinal foundations of ensuring Russia's national security into line is actualized.

The purpose of the study ‒ analysis and critical assessment of the main concepts of understanding international migration in the context of ensuring a single security space in the post-Soviet region.

Research objectives: systematization of key theories about the nature of international migration, identification of priorities for the development of scientific ideas about the nature of migration risks, formation of conclusions and recommendations on ensuring migration security in the post-Soviet space.

Methodology. Methods of historical, comparative, statistical and institutional analysis were used to solve the tasks. The neoclassical and socio-cultural concepts of international migration were considered. The content analysis method was used.

Conclusions. Modern scientific ideas about the role of international migration are assessed as being in a phase of systemic transformations. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the research subject, the understanding of the problems of the impact of migration flows on international relations is distinguished by the pluralism of scientific opinions and approaches and the ideological bias of generalizing conclusions. An analysis of the most well-known areas of international migration science shows the limited possibilities of traditional approaches in assessing migration as an important factor in the functioning of the common security space of Eurasia. The necessity of conducting research based on a detailed analysis of an array of empirical and statistical data on the problems of migration movements and related social transformations is proved.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study the historical experience of reforming the alcohol market in Russia. The current stage of modernization of this sphere requires referring to the successful practices of the past and gives practical significance to the analysis of the process of cancellation of wine purchases. It is important to take into account that the contribution of Finance Minister A.M. Knyazhevich to the abolition of the tax system remains a little-studied aspect in Russian historiography, which determines the unconditional scientific significance of the work.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the contribution of Finance Minister Alexander Maksimovich Knyazhevich to the replacement of tax payments with an excise tax system for drinking.

Objectives: to analyze the career path of A.M. Knyazhevich and his personal connection with the tax system; to consider the historical context of the transformation in the drinking industry; to study the activities of the Special Committee led by Knyazhevich; to reveal the personal contribution of the Minister of Finance to the abolition of tax payments.

Methodology. The research is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, which are complemented by problem-chronological, historical-genetic and comparative historical methods.

Results. On behalf of Emperor Alexander II, Knyazhevich, who was leading the process of preparing the abolition of wine purchases, being a cautious man, was afraid of sudden steps. The Special Committee created under his leadership did not accept the excise tax, but proposed a draft "transitional" system. The Emperor insisted on the complete and unconditional introduction of the excise tax system, and the drinking business was transferred from the Ministry of Finance to the office of the State Council. He launched the mechanism of reform, but its final radical character was determined not by his will, but by the position of other top state dignitaries and the general reform course of the era of Alexander II.

Conclusion. Knyazhevich's contribution to the abolition of wine purchases was more administrative than ideological. His personal position reflected the fears of the old bureaucracy about drastic changes in the country's financial system.

Relevance. The events of the Civil War are still controversial among historians. The difference of points of view on this issue creates contradictions in ideas about the scale and consequences of the confrontation between the “reds” and “whites”. A century after these events, the publications of a number of scientists give preference to only one of the parties to the conflict, without a detailed analysis of the events as a whole, both at the level of the entire state and within a specific region. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the perpetuation of the memory of the victims of the Civil War, in which veterans' organizations played a special role in the territory of the Kursk region.

The purpose – to summarize the experience of memorializing the events that took place on the territory of Kursk province in 1918-1922.

The objectives: to reveal the essence of the “red” and “white” terror on the territory of Kursk province, as well as to show approaches to preserving the memory of the victims of the Civil War in the city of Kursk.

Methodology. To achieve the goals and objectives of the study, the authors relied on the principles of objectivity and historicism, using historical-comparative, retrospective and historical-genetic research methods.

Results. From the perspective of comparing different points of view, a comprehensive objective assessment of the events of 1918-1922 on the territory of Kursk province is given. Based on this, the work of veteran organizations to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Civil War is shown.

Conclusion. In 1919, as a result of the repressive policy of Denikin's troops in Kursk, a large number of victims of their terror were identified.27 civilians who were shot were buried in the Park of Heroes of the Civil War. Over the years, the mass grave began to require a major reconstruction, but this problem remains unresolved to this day.

Relevance. Troop interaction is one of the key components of the preparation of operations of various scales. Knowledge of the structure, content, and order of interaction in the preparation of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation will allow us to study the experience of organizing interaction and the possibilities of using this knowledge in modern conditions.

The purpose of this article is to summarize the experience of interaction between the troops of the Southwestern Front in the preparation of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation.

The objectives of this article are to: reveal the timing, content, and methods of troop interaction at various stages of the operation's preparation, identify problematic issues in coordinating actions at each stage, and determine the necessary measures for final preparation for combat operations. The article also aims to establish the role, significance, and problematic aspects of organizing interaction during the preparation of an operation.

Methodology. The use of the main methods of modern research, such as historical-system and historicaltypological, allowed for the analysis of a large number of historical documents from the South-Western Front, as well as from the armies, corps, and other units of the military branches that were part of it.

Results. The study reveals the sequence and content of the activities of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the field headquarters of the South-Western Front, and partially of the North-Western Front, in ensuring the interaction of the troops during the preparation of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation.

Conclusions. Based on the combat documents of the field headquarters of the South-Western Front and the armies that were part of it, the essence and structure of the organization of troop interaction during the preparation of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation are formulated. Conclusions are drawn about the content of troop interaction, the forms, methods, and techniques used to coordinate the efforts of different branches of the military during the preparation of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation.

Relevance. In a context where the peasantry constituted the absolute majority of the population, the attempt to forcefully build communism through total nationalization and the violent confiscation of products led to a systemic crisis, culminating in mass uprisings and famine. Studying this historical experience allows us to understand the underlying causes of the failure of this social experiment and its catastrophic consequences.

The purpose of the article − based on the analysis of the doctrinal principles of Bolshevism and the practical measures of the policy of “war communism”, is to identify the key contradictions between the ideological utopia and the peasant reality that predetermined the collapse of this policy.

Objectives: analyzing the theoretical foundations of "War Communism" in the works of V.I. Lenin, N.I. Bukharin, and L.D. Trotsky; studying key policy instruments (food dictatorship, food tax collection, poor peasant committees, and labor service); and assessing the peasantry's response and the consequences of this policy for the agricultural sector and the country as a whole.

Methodology. This article utilizes historiographical, comparative historical, and problem-chronological methods to analyze the policy of "War Communism" and its consequences.

Results. The study established that the policy of "war communism" was not only a necessary measure during the Civil War, but also a deliberate attempt to implement the Marxist doctrine of an immediate transition to a communist social structure based on the complete rejection of market relations. It was revealed that its key instrumentswere aimed at breaking the peasantry as a class of smallholders. Historical analysis revealed that the peasantry's reaction (reduced crop yields, passive sabotage, and armed uprisings) was a rational response to the dismantling of economic incentives. The policy of "war communism" led to the collapse of agricultural production, mass famine, and brought the Soviet regime to the brink of disaster.

Conclusions. the policy of "war communism" represented a failed attempt to mechanically transfer a speculative Marxist doctrine to Russian agrarian soil. The Bolshevik leadership's inability to reconcile its ideology with the fundamental interests of the peasantry led to a profound socioeconomic crisis and provoked a large-scale peasant war, forcing the architects of the experiment to radically change course and transition to the New Economic Policy (NEP).

Relevance. The cognitive capabilities of the museum and its educational potential are in renewed demand in Russian society at the present stage. The attention of researchers is attracted by the aspect of the museum's targeted action on recipients of socio–cultural experience. Museum visitors are primarily young people. Another important problem is the participation of the society itself in the process of implementing the museum's functions. It is advisable to refer to the Soviet experience of involving public structures in the process of realizing the educational possibilities of the museum.

The purpose of the work is to reveal the contribution of the Council of Assistance of the State Museum of the Great October Socialist Revolution to the process of educating schoolchildren in the late 1950s and early 1970s.

Objectives: to study the history of creation, structure, mechanism of implementation of the functions of the Council of Assistance, to identify the forms of the Council's work with schoolchildren.

Methodology. System-structural and chronological methods were used in the work.

Results. Traces the history of the creation of the museum's public asset - the Assistance Council. The structure, composition of the Assistance Council, the contribution of the old Bolsheviks of Leningrad to the development of the Museum of the Revolution are revealed. The forms of the Assistance Council's activities with schoolchildren are studied as the most important means of implementing the educational function of the Soviet museum in the late 1950s - early 1970s.

Conclusion. The activities of the Assistance Council were the most valuable addition and means of expanding the range of exhibitions and expositions in the Museum of the Revolution. The members of the Council had the necessary potential, knowledge, and desire to use the latter for the benefit of society by interacting with young people. The members of the Assistance Council carried out indirect and direct communication with schoolchildren. Historical memory was formed in young people in the course of communication; also, a sense of patriotism and pride in their country and people were fostered. Interaction with eyewitnesses of historical events made it possible to form personal knowledge, the attitude of schoolchildren to the historical past, a sense of respect for the older generation.

Relevance. The historians are very interested in Soviet industry history facts. A special attention is paid to management methods of Soviet production, the advanced activity standards introduction, the organization of employees and workers social culture at enterprises etc. Obviously, the work teams’ success of in USSR depended much on the skillful and effective enterprise administration management. So the agro biological industry experience analysis on various levels of its development could be very useful for market economics. It also could help to create agricultural and industry programs both in Russia and in some districts of it.

The purpose of this study is to review documentary history sources of the largest USSR agro-biological industry enterprises, the Kursk Mallein-Tuberkuline Biofactory.

Objectives is to restore Kursk Mallein-Tuberculin Biological Factory managers’ biography in 1938 – the first half of 1941.

Methodology. As the author’s methodological base there were the objectivity and historicism principles. There was also used a historical-genetic, chronological ideographic (narrative) and retrospective methods among the special historical methods. I would like to point out an ideographic (narrative) method, this one helped to describe Biofactory individual events in its history, helped to explore those people biography that had made a significant contribution to its development.

Results. A comprehensive study based on archival and printed sources allowed us to restore both Kursk Biofactory director Akim Fedorovich Kurkin biography and the enterprise development history during the Great Patriotic War.

Conclusion: Industrial biological production first of all tuberculin and mallein in USSR was organized at Kursk biofactory and it had become a monopolist of its production by 1941. So, on the Great Patriotic War eve Kursk Biological Factory fulfilled the production plan thanks to Kurkin’s professional skills and enterprise team only.

Relevance. The implementation of the plan for mass housing construction, caused by an acute shortage of housing in the country, began after the publication of the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 31, 1957 "On the development of housing construction in the USSR." The resolution provided for the transition to massive large-scale construction of residential buildings. And the responsibilities of the customer were assigned to the Kursk City Executive Committee. The analysis of his activities to identify and eliminate deficiencies in the field of housing construction is indicative and relevant in modern conditions.

Purpose. To analyze the role of the Kursk City Executive Committee in rebuilding the foundations of housing construction in Kursk in the late 1950-s and early 1960-s.

Objectives: to investigate organizational and technical measures to monitor the progress of housing construction in Kursk, identify and eliminate deficiencies in the work of construction organizations.

Methodology. The author's methodology is based on the principle of historicism, general logical and general scientific methods of cognition.

Results. The main role in the implementation of the mass housing construction program was played by the Kursk City Executive Committee, which became the main customer for the construction of housing for the Kuryans. The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 31 became a turning point in the practice of housing construction in the country, focusing on the construction of large-panel houses. To implement the resolution, the Kursk City Executive Committee had to rebuild the housing construction system in the city. The restructuring of the housing construction policy was associated with the optimization of the management and control structure, the identification and elimination of shortcomings in the work of construction organizations, and the transition to new working methods.

Conclusion. The analysis of the role of the Kursk City Executive Committee in the restructuring of housing construction showed that in the first years after the adoption of the resolution of the party and the government, it was necessary to optimize the structure of government bodies and identify existing shortcomings in order to bring the city's housing construction in line with the requirements of the new housing policy.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the insufficient knowledge of this problem. Despite a significant amount of research on the history of the Soviet period, the historical and cultural processes in national republics, especially in their specific manifestations, have not always been studied in sufficient depth. It is necessary to fill in the gaps in understanding how Soviet ideology and politics were reflected in the life of Adygea.

The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the historical and cultural features of the Republic of Adygea during the Soviet period in the second half of the 20th century, to determine their influence on the formation of the modern historical and cultural environment of the region.

The objectives of the study are to examine the specifics of state policy in the Adygea Autonomous Region in the second half of the 20th century, identify its main directions and mechanisms of implementation, analyze the development of the education and science system in the AAO, determine their role in the formation of the cultural elite and the dissemination of knowledge about the history and culture of Adygea.

The research methodology is based on the historical-genetic method, the historical-comparative method, methods of analysis and synthesis for information processing and drawing conclusions.

The results of the study are to assess the effectiveness of the state cultural policy in the region, to identify the main factors that influenced the formation of the national identity of the Adygs during the period under review, and to assess the role of cultural institutions in Adygea.

Conclusions The Soviet period had a significant impact on the cultural development of Adygea. Despite the ideological pressure, many elements of national culture and identity have been preserved in Adygea. Cultural institutions have played an important role in preserving and popularizing the cultural heritage of Adygea. The experience of the historical and cultural development of Adygea during the Soviet period is important for understanding the current situation in the region and developing effective policies.