Relevance. Corruption, the ideology of nationalism, extremism, xenophobia, criminal behavior, and other negative social phenomena are actively promoted in the modern information and communication environment, which, in conditions of ensuring universal free access to information, has an extremely negative impact on the formation and development of a teenager's personality. Modern youth assimilates the wrong patterns of behavior, imitates the wrong ideals, as a result of which the younger generation develops a distorted perception of legal values, phenomena, wrong views, beliefs and ideas about law and its role in the life of society and the state are formed. As a result, research is becoming particularly relevant, allowing not only to detect problems of formation and development of legal culture, but also to identify possible ways to increase the level of legal culture and legal awareness of young people.

The purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the main problems of the formation of legal culture and legal awareness in the modern youth environment and propose ways to solve them.

Objectives. Tasks: to diagnose the state of legal culture and legal awareness of modern youth (on the example of schoolchildren and students of the Kursk region); to determine what problems are encountered in practice in the process of forming legal culture and legal awareness among young people; to formulate proposals to improve the level of legal culture and legal awareness among young people.

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the following methods were used: a survey in the form of a questionnaire, comparative methods, as well as a method of synthesis and analysis, generalization and systematization.

The results of the study are distinguished by an integrated approach to the study of this problem, as well as the practical orientation of theoretical generalizations on the topic under consideration.

Conclusion. Currently, there is an acute need to improve the formation of the legal culture of schoolchildren and students. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to create special pedagogical conditions aimed at educating a harmoniously developed and socially responsible person on the basis of spiritual and moral values, historical traditions and democratic principles of the Russian state.

Relevance. The public legal relations of Moldova in the 16th-17th centuries continue to develop against the backdrop of legislative processes and the adoption of the Code of 1646 - the first monument of Moldovan law. The adoption of the Code marked a new stage in the development of public law in general, the areas of legal proceedings and criminal law in particular. Despite the fact that the Code of 1646 contained norms and institutions that were progressive for their time, it consolidated the tendency to toughen criminal liability for crimes against the backdrop of an intensified class struggle in Moldovan society.

The purpose of the article is to determine the range of the main sources of public law in Moldova in the 16th - 17th centuries, as well as the features of the development of public law branches and their individual institutions in medieval Moldova.

Objectives: analyze the main sources of public law in Moldova in the 16th-17th centuries; to determine the features of public law institutions of the medieval Moldavian state.

Methodology. The methodological basis was the historical method of research. Along with the historical method of research, the principles of consistency and scientific objectivity were used.

The results of the scientific study showed that the period under study is represented by many heterogeneous sources of public law, a special place among which is occupied by the first monument of the law of Moldova - the Code of Vasily Lupu of 1646, containing, for the most part, norms of a criminal law nature. Despite the fact that the Moldavian medieval law was characterized by a pronounced class character, it not only reflected the class character of social relations, but also contained norms and provisions progressive for its time.

Conclusions. In general, we can conclude that during the XVI-XVII centuries the area of public law relations continues to develop. This was facilitated by the adoption of the Code of 1646, which, in essence, acted as a monument of criminal law. Along with the Code, other monuments of law continue to be applied, including both Byzantine legislation and canonical collections. Moldavian feudal law, like the law of other European states, was characterized by a class character. At the same time, the first monument of Moldovan law - the Code of Vasily Lupu of 1646 - contained a developed conceptual apparatus, progressive concepts for its time, such as recidivism, necessary defense, extreme necessity, mitigating and aggravating circumstances, circumstances excluding criminal liability.

Relevance. One of the basic approaches for civil law is to allow the injured party to claim full compensation for losses, including in case of violation of civil law obligations. The widespread use of this approach is based on universal human notions of reasonableness and fairness of restoring the property sphere of the injured party at the expense of the party that committed the violation. Compensation of losses plays a crucial role among the means of protection of subjective civil rights provided for by Article 12 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions that determine the features of the implementation of the principle of full compensation for damages in breach of obligations at the current stage of development of market economy and legislation of the Russian Federation.

Objectives: to identify the problems associated with the implementation of the principle of full compensation for losses in the civil law of the Russian Federation; to determine the features of ensuring the balance of interests in the compensation of losses; to determine the directions of further development of legal regulation of the issues under consideration.

Methodology. When writing the work, dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method were used.

The results of the research are of a theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.

The conclusions made in the article are of a discussion nature, aimed at continuing the research in the frame-work of the stated subject matter, development of basic principles that allow to uniformly resolve the problems associated with the realization of the rights to full compensation for damages for breach of obligations, including in a complex system of relations between individual participants of civil turnover. The article is a continuation of the author's scientific research on issues related to the problems of civil liability.  

Relevance. The development of modern information and telecommunication technologies and means of communication leads to a constant increase in the volume of advertising and its importance for the promotion of goods, works and services. At the same time, the creation of advertising in a significant part of cases is associated with the use of photographic, musical, literary works, works of fine art and other objects of copyright and related rights. The peculiarities related to the use of works and objects of related rights in advertising activities are not fully taken into account by the current legislation, which leads in practice to a number of negative consequences, in particular, to the recovery of disproportionate compensation in some cases and to the possibility of circumventing the established legal requirements in others.

The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions defining the peculiarities of the use of works in the implementation of advertising activities, characterizing the essence of legal relations arising in this case.

Objectives: to identify the problems associated with the use of copyright objects in the implementation of advertising activities; to determine the peculiarities of legal relations formed in the process of implementation of advertising activities with the use of copyright objects; to determine the directions of further development of legal regulation of the issues under consideration.

Methodology. The author used dialectical-materialistic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method in writing the work.

The results of the research have theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.

The conclusions made in the article are of a debatable nature, aimed at developing approaches that allow to uniformly resolve problems related to compliance with the requirements of intellectual property law in the creation, placement and other distribution of advertising. The article is a continuation of the author's scientific research on issues related to copyright protection, intellectual property rights and legal regulation of advertising activities.  

Relevance. The article analyzes the problems of development of investment activity in the sphere of creation and use of certain types of works, notes possible ways of development of civil law regulation of such activity. The conclusions about the necessity to recognize investment agreements mediating investment activity in accordance with the principle of "rights in exchange for investment" as a special type of civil law agreement that needs special legislative regulation, including the establishment of the possibility of allocation of investors' shares in the exclusive right to the created results of intellectual activity and the establishment in the agreement of the peculiarities of disposition of rights to works and other objects of intellectual rights are substantiated.

The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions aimed at creating a holistic scientific understanding of the possibilities of further development of the legal regulation of relations related to the implementation of investment activities in the creation and use of works and other objects of intellectual rights.

Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of investor participation in relations related to the creation and use of intellectual activity results; to develop proposals for the development of contractual registration of investment activity in the sphere of creation and use of intellectual activity results; to identify the peculiarities of disposition of exclusive rights to the intellectual activity results created with the involvement of investments; to identify possible directions for further development of legal regulation.

Methodology. The author used dialectical-materialistic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method.

The results of the research have theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of legal relations related to the creation and use of the results of intellectual activity.

Conclusions. The conclusions are of a discussion nature, aimed at improving the legal regulation of investment activities related to the creation and use of the results of intellectual activity. The article is a continuation of the author's research on the topic under consideration.

Relevance. Currently in the Russian Federation there are no special contractual or organizational forms of family entrepreneurial activity. One of the problems to be solved in the formation of a legal model of family entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is the definition of conditions for the onset and limitation of limits of liability to third parties for obligations related to the implementation of family business activities, including depending on the choice of organizational and legal forms of family business and the specifics of participation of individual family members in it, taking into account their role (management of activities, provision of property, personal labor, creative activity or other participation) and the presence or absence of the status of an individual entrepreneur.

The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions aimed at creating a holistic scientific understanding of the features of responsibility to third parties in the implementation of family entrepreneurship.

Objectives: to identify the features of the responsibility of participants in family business activities to third parties when using various organizational and legal forms for its implementation.

Methodology. In carrying out this study, the dialectical-materialistic method, the systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, the formal-legal method were applied.

The results of the research are of a theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.

The conclusions made in the article are of a debatable nature and are aimed at further research of the stated topics, the search for optimal solutions to problems arising in the implementation of family entrepreneurship. The article is a continuation of the author's scientific research on the subject under consideration.  

Relevance. For a long time the civilistic doctrine did not consider the activity on protection of copyright and related rights in the implementation of collective management as an independent one. It was assumed that it can be carried out in particular by organizations for collective management of rights for realization of their function of collecting remuneration for right holders. Along with organizations for collective management of rights there is a significant number of organizations, including those created by authors and other right holders, which can represent interests and protect the rights of authors and other right holders and claim remuneration due to them, but there is currently no legal regulation of their activity to protect copyright and related rights. At the same time, the development of new technologies, the emergence of new ways of using works and objects of related rights, new options for expressing creative results require the expansion of support for authors and other right holders in exercising and protecting their rights.

The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions necessary to improve the legal regulation of copyright and related rights protection activities carried out by non-profit organizations.

Objectives: to determine the main features of legal regulation of copyright and related rights protection activities carried out by non-profit organizations; to identify problems associated with the implementation of such activities; to develop proposals for further development of legal regulation of the issues under consideration.

Methodology. The author used dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method.

The results of the research are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.

Conclusions. The conclusions, made in the article, have the debatable character, directed to the continuation of research in the framework of the declared subject, directed to the development of basic principles, allowing a uniform way to solve the problems associated with legal regulation of organizations, implementing and protection of copyright and related rights, including the collective basis.  

Relevance. The author researches legislative provisions, judicial practice and scientific publications on the issues of transfer of exclusive rights to works to third parties without a contract. The legislation establishes various grounds for such a transfer (reorganization of a legal entity, inheritance, foreclosure on the property of the right holder), but not in all of these cases the rights and legitimate interests of authors and their heirs are fully taken into account. The article substantiates additional measures aimed at taking into account the interests of the author as a "weak party" of the arising legal relations.

The purpose of the study is to determine measures aimed at balancing the interests of participants in civil legal relations while respecting the rights of authors of the results of creative activity.

Objectives: to determine the peculiarities of the non-contractual transfer of exclusive rights to other persons, including the inheritance of copyrights, foreclosure of exclusive rights to works and reorganization of legal entities; identify contradictions between the interests of authors and other persons in the non-contractual transfer of exclusive rights to works.

Methodology. The dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method were used in preparing the work.

The results of the research are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of unusual aspects of civil legal relations.

 Conclusions. The conclusions made in the article are of a discussion nature, aimed at the continuation of research in the framework of the stated topic. In case of non-contractual transfer of the exclusive right to other persons contradictions between the interests of authors, their heirs, other right holders, creditors, reorganized legal entities and other individuals and legal entities are manifested. The principle of priority observance of the author's rights should be applied in all cases, but the search for legislative solutions and development of judicial practice should also take into account the need to achieve a reasonable balance of interests of all participants of civil legal relations.  

Relevance. All previous conditions of human habitation on earth: natural, man-made, social and others, have determined the modern "information environment" of people. The “information environment” that has existed since the beginning of the 21st century is a new constant representing the organization, management and life support of the information society, the state and the individual. The increase in the flow of information, as well as its volume, essence and features, the "information habitat" is constantly filled with new meanings and meanings, which determines the relevance of the study of this phenomenon.

Purpose is to determine the concept, volume and architecture of the modern information environment and the magnitude of its criminal law protection.

Objectives: to study a new concept for modern society and a state formulated as an “information environment”, as well as the possibilities of its effective protection in the arsenal of criminal law.

Methodology. In the process of writing a scientific article, general scientific and particular methods were used: dialectical, historical, systemic-structural, concrete-legal, comparative-legal analysis of documents, as well as methods that provide a uniform and reliable empirical material.

The results of the study consist in the formulation of the author's definition of the concept of "information environment" and the definition of a system of criminal law norms that ensure the protection of the modern information environment in the Russian Federation.

Conclusion. The results of the study allowed the author to come to the conclusion that modern Russian society exists in a new material-virtual reality called the "information environment", and its entire volume is provided by criminal law protection.  

The relevance of the research topic is due to the inconsistency of globalist and deglobalist trends in the modern world and their influence on the sovereignty of state actors.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of deglobalization on state sovereignty.

Objectives of the study: the study of strengthening the sovereignty of the state at the economic, political and cultural levels.

Methodology. In the course of writing the article, the method of system analysis was used to study the problems of sovereign powers of state actors. General scientific research methods were applied in the work. Statistical and regulatory sources were used for the validity of the study.

Results. The problems of the phenomenon of state sovereignty at the level of deglobalist tendencies are revealed; the zones in which state sovereignty is being strengthened are identified (trade wars; import substitution policy; isolationist approach; legislative decisions, solving global problems, participation in international organizations).

Conclusion. The process of strengthening State sovereignty in the context of the deglobalization of the international community is objective. The expansion of the sovereign powers of the state is associated with an increase in the number of global problems. Challenges and threats of the international community force countries to make collective decisions that limit the State's own national interests. Therefore, state actors are forced to follow the path of isolationism and rejection of communitarian measures in developing solutions to mitigate global risks. At the political level, sovereignty is strengthened at the level of participation in multilateral formats and solving global problems. The strengthening of sovereignty in the economic sphere is determined by the state of the world economy. The presence of a global economic crisis pushes countries to apply the policy of trade wars, protectionism, sanctions mechanism and import substitution. The problem of expanding sovereign powers at the level of the cultural sphere is associated with uncontrolled migration flows. In this case, there is an increase in conflicts along the lines of national identity.  

The relevance of the research topic is connected with the importance of historiographical understanding of the patterns of traditional confessional culture development in the conditions of Soviet modernization, as well as the need to clarify the place of Orthodoxy in the life of Soviet society of the late Soviet period.

The purpose of the study: to analyze the changes that occurred in the rites of the Russian Orthodox Church in the late Soviet period.

Objectives: to consider the socio-cultural prerequisites for the deformation of the Orthodox community cult life, to identify the features of changes in the most common Orthodox practices, to characterize the causes of these changes.

Methodology. In the process of forming the factual base of the paper the author used traditional methods of archival work, as well as methods of field research questioning, interviewing. Methods of description and historical induction, historical-statistical, historical-genetic methods were used to systematize the data.

Results. The paper examines the socio-cultural consequences of the socialist project of the renewal of society implementation in the late Soviet period, which determined the changes in the attitude of Orthodox-oriented citizens to religious life, analyzes the changes in the organization of the most common Orthodox rites – baptism, church burial, confession, investigates the causes of changes in their traditional forms.

Conclusions. The author concludes that the main vectors of deformation of Orthodox rites in the late Soviet period were associated with giving them a secret or correspondence character, reduction, as well as profanation. The corresponding changes were caused not only by the artificial and natural limitations with which church life was connected, but also by the lack of systematic knowledge about the mysteries and dogmatics of the overwhelming majority of parishioners.  

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is caused by the correlation of the processes of electrification and modernization of the Soviet village: the widespread use of electricity allowed not only to improve the living conditions of peasants, but also to increase labor productivity. All this together had an impact on the overall level of economic development and contributed to scientific and technological progress. The 1950s and 1960s. They became crucial in relation to the topic under consideration, because it was then that quantitative and qualitative changes took place in comparison with the previous period: the continuous electrification of the village began by connecting collective farms and state farms to high-voltage centralized power plants. This process was most active during the implementation of the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy, which determines the choice of chronological framework.

The purpose of the study: to study the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965. Rural electrification in this work is understood as the process of distribution and use of electricity in rural areas: in industrial needs, in households, household premises, cultural, educational and medical institutions.

Objectives: to make a periodization of the electrification process of the Orenburg village in the era of the "thaw"; to identify the dynamics of the provision of collective farms and state farms of the Orenburg region with electricity; to trace the development of centralized power supply of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 and the increase in the length of power transmission lines; to determine changes in the total electricity generation in the Orenburg region during the period under review.

Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, statistical and other methods.

Results. In the course of the study, the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 was comprehensively studied, its features, results and difficulties were revealed.

Conclusion. The continuous electrification of the Orenburg village, despite a number of difficulties, allowed the Orenburg Region not only to overcome the lag behind other administrative-territorial subjects of the Southern Urals, but also to fully provide collective farms and state farms with electricity.  

The relevance of the stated topic is determined by the social significance of the successful functioning of the system of medical care for citizens to preserve and restore their health. The experience of departmental medical institutions in the previous periods of national history makes it possible to use it rationally in modern conditions along with the services of state and commercial medicine. In scientific terms, the history of the medical and sanitary service of railway transport has not yet been properly developed, as a result of which the study of the declared topic can contribute to the concretization of knowledge about the evolution and problems of the development of domestic healthcare.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the post–war restoration of the activities of medical and sanitary institutions of the South-Eastern Railway on the basis of archival documents and periodical press materials.

Objectives: to characterize the dynamics of the development of the network of medical and sanitary institutions on the South-Eastern Railway in 1945-1950; to identify the main activities of railway medicine in the period under study; to consider the current problems of the functioning of the industry and ways to solve them.

Methodology. The research was based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. To solve the tasks set by the author, the methods of historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historical-comparative, typological, retrospective were used.

Results. The study of the main activities of medical and sanitary institutions on railway transport made it possible to present in historical retrospect the features of providing medical care by means of the sectoral healthcare system, which had a certain autonomy and mobility in servicing the entrusted contingent of employees and their family members.

Conclusions. During the five post-war years, the transport healthcare system that operated on the South-Eastern Railway restored full efficiency, having managed to improve the material and technical equipment of medical institutions in difficult conditions and strengthen their personnel potential, which positively affected the quality of medical care.  

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is due to Russia's belonging to the world of Eurasian civilizations, whose role has been belittled against the background of historical events in Europe. Meanwhile, large-scale processes took place in the Southern Urals in the XIV century, about which there is too little information not only in the educational literature, but also in specialized publications. These include the campaign of the Timurid troops against the Golden Horde in 1391 and its culmination – the Battle of Kondurcha. It was these events that laid the prerequisites for the final collapse of the Jochi Ulus, which in turn accelerated the process of liberating Russian lands from the Horde dependence. The key part of this military campaign is directly connected with the Southern Urals, but the main events of this stage of the campaign (first of all, a major vanguard battle in the west of Orenburg region) still remain unexplored.

The purpose: to reconstruct the South Ural stage of the punitive campaign of Tamerlane's troops against the Golden Horde in 1391.

Objectives: to make a periodization of the campaign; to determine the affiliation of the hydronyms "Samur" and "Iik" to determine the key points of the campaign; to calculate the average possible speed of movement of Tamerlane's army to identify the possible length of the route of his troops; to find out the approximate localization of the vanguard battle of the opposing sides; to calculate the approximate size of Tamerlane's army.

Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, the analysis of topographic elements of the terrain, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, historical analogies and other methods.

Results. It was established that the main events of the investigated campaign took place on the territory of the modern Orenburg region, and not Bashkortostan, as indicated in a number of studies. A periodization of the campaign has been compiled, within which two stages of the South Ural stage of this military campaign have been identified. Thanks to the determination of the average speed of movement of troops, it was possible to interpret such hydronyms as "Samur" and "Iik" and establish the approximate location of a major vanguard battle of the opposing armies. With the help of a set of methods, the approximate number of Tamerlane's army was determined.

Conclusion. The total length of the South Ural route of the punitive campaign of the Timurid troops in 1391 to the Golden Horde is 700 km, overcome in 21 days. This means that the average speed of movement of troops did not exceed 33 km, which fully fits into the calculations we have given and corresponds to the real capabilities of medieval armies. The presented route is confirmed by archaeological sources, including a unique metal helmet found in the Orenburg region, in the paradise of the Kargalki river. The largest vanguard battle of the considered military campaign took place in the west of Orenburg, on the border of modern Asekeyevsky, Grachevsky, Matveevsky and Krasnogvardeysky districts. The number of troops involved in the campaign is in the range of 50-80 thousand.

Relevance. The article highlights the process of using alcohol for the production of chemical and technical products. The relevance of the study is due to the weak representation of this aspect in the scientific literature, as well as its unconditional significance in the formation of the general concept of the development of the Russian economy.

The purpose is to highlight the changes in the use of alcohol for chemical and technical needs that occurred during the period of the excise system in Russia.

The objectives of the study are determined by the goal and are to substantiate the development of legislation on the exciseless use of alcohol for chemical and technical needs, to establish the relationship and interdependence of the benefits introduced by the government and the size of the production of relevant products, to assess the success of the measures taken to expand the scope of alcohol.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, consistency, scientific objectivity, supplemented by such special methods as the method of interpretation, the method of content analysis and the statistical method.

Results. During the excise period, alcohol began to be used not only as a drink, but also as a main or auxiliary component in the manufacture of chemical and technical products. Excise legislation has changed in this regard. Temporary legal provisions exempting alcohol from excise duty sent to chemical and technical plants were finally summarized in the Law of March 18, 1896. Under his influence, the size of production in Russia increased, which allowed Russian manufacturers to compete with foreigners.

Conclusion. The use of alcohol for chemical plants and technical productions in excise Russia looked like a dynamic process. A decisive role in the success was played by government acts that expanded the scope of application of exciseless alcohol.

The relevance of this article is determined by the fact that the creation of a system of authorities in Soviet Russia is one of the popular topics of Soviet and modern historiography. However, this issue is being studied in the main national context of the evolution of the Soviet state. Meanwhile, this topic requires research on regional material, showing both general patterns on a national scale of this process, and local specifics.

The purpose of the article is to study the formation of the Soviets of the Voronezh province in the second half of 1918 and the development of their organizational structure by the Bolsheviks.

Objectives: to determine the activities of the Bolsheviks in the development of the system of Soviet power, the effectiveness of this work and the local features of this process.

Methodology. The research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. To solve the tasks set, methods were used: historical-genetic and historical-systemic.

The results of the scientific research made it possible to draw certain conclusions related to the organization of the Soviets in the second half of 1918.

Conclusions. Only in the second half of 1918 did the development of the work of local Soviets begin, which took place mainly thanks to the help of the provincial center. In the countryside, this process was even more difficult, since the Bolsheviks had almost no class support there. To receive it, party cells and committees of the poor were formed, which by the end of 1918 began to reorganize the village councils to form their composition loyal to the authorities. During this period, the Soviet authorities suffered from weak support from the population, lack of personnel and finances, instructions and work experience, and disloyal composition in the countryside. However, but by the end of 1918 they managed to satisfactorily organize their work, consolidate their power in Voronezh and county centers, and begin large-scale work to create loyal Soviets in the countryside.

Relevance. During the Soviet period, the activities of the merchant class were criticized for ideological reasons. Meanwhile, it was the entrepreneurial abilities of Russian merchants that were the most important factor in the development of the economy of the economy of the Russian state. Today, the state is making significant efforts to develop entrepreneurship. It is of interest to study the experience of developing entrepreneurship in the pre-revolutionary period.

The Purpose. The study of the formation and development of the Kursk merchant dynasty of the Gnuchevs.

Objectives. Within the framework of the article, the following tasks are solved: to trace the origin of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty, to identify the contribution of the Gnuchev merchants to the economy of the city of Kursk, to study the social activities of representatives of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty.

Methodology. The article carried out a comprehensive analysis of archival sources and publications, used the methods of statistics and data comparison, analysis, synthesis, personal biographical method. Results. In the 18th - the first half of the 19th century, the Gnuchev dynasty of merchants developed. By the middle of the 19th century, the role of the Gnuchev merchants in the economic life of Kursk reached its maximum. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. there was a decrease in the importance of trade and production activities of representatives of the dynasty.

Conclusion. The success of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty was ensured by the determination and hard work of several of its key representatives who managed to achieve success in the entrepreneurial field. In the Gnuchev family, they include the ancestor - Ivan, who, thanks to his own efforts, was able to move from a seedy family of service people to the merchant class, Foma Afanasyevich, who decided to move from the small town of Oboyan to the center of the Kursk province, and Afanasy Fomich, who managed to concentrate in their hands control over a number of important commercial and industrial enterprises of Kursk. None of the merchant dynasty of the Gnuchevs disgraced the honest name of the family. None of them were held accountable for misconduct related to entrepreneurial activities. And today the descendants of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty live in Kursk.

Relevance. Currently, there is an increased interest in the tragedy of the civilian population in Russian society. This is reflected both in numerous scientific publications and in procedural actions. Belgorod, Voronezh, Oryol regional courts recognized the war crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices as genocide.

Purpose: to consider, based on the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission of Federal and Regional Archives, a special category of victims of Nazi crimes – the elderly.

Objectives: to determine the criteria of old age, to find out the number of victims of crimes – the elderly in the territories of the Voronezh, Kursk and Oryol regions, to consider various ways of killing the elderly and the elderly.

Methodology. The basis of this scientific research is a complex of general dialectical method of scientific cognition, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and private scientific methods of cognition.

Results. The study became an objective proof of the extermination policy of the Nazis and their accomplices on the territory of the regions of the Central Chernozem region. Numerous archival documents confirming that the elderly population and the elderly were one of the mass victims of war crimes are cited.

Conclusion. The elderly population and the elderly, due to their psycho-physiological characteristics, due to their inability or limitation to physical labor, were among the first to be destroyed. They were considered by the Nazi leadership as an extra, absolutely unnecessary ballast, which had to be disposed of.