Relevance. Any subject of management has specific functions, rights, obligations and has certain resources. Analysis of subjects of management and synthesis of connections between such subjects presupposes search, legal analysis of the entire system, which consists in allocation of elements, subsystems. For this purpose, the system of subjects of management, as well as their powers, is structured. The structure of the apparatus of management as a whole, as well as in the sphere of security in particular, as well as the mechanism of its functioning must fully correspond to the economic, social, political and cultural interests of citizens, state and non-state organizations.

Purpose. Establishing a mechanism for structuring public administration entities in the field of security.

Objectives: determine the legal status of the subject of governance in the sphere of security; highlight the grounds for structuring the subjects of state governance in the sphere of ensuring security.

Methodology. The study used a combination of methods, such as: a general scientific method for studying legal phenomena and processes, formal legal and formal logical methods.

Results. The study provides a description of the legal status of the subject of governance in the field of security, and also provides various grounds for structuring the subjects of public administration in the field of security.

Conclusion. Each body vested with rights and obligations in the sphere of ensuring security is considered as a subject of management in this sphere. A unified system of subjects of management is an internal consistency between its elements. This is a determining quality for structuring subjects of management in the sphere of ensuring the security of citizens. For this, various grounds are used that form different types of subjects and their powers. It is important to ensure the optimal choice, clear interaction in order to exclude poor-quality work, parallelism and duplication in management, to ensure the professionalism and competence of personnel.

Relevance. A legal entity is a popular legal tool for citizens of the Russian Federation to implement their economic and other interests, as evidenced by the statistical data of the Federal Tax Service of Russia in terms of state registration of legal entities. The scale of interaction between applicants and authorized bodies, as well as persons (organizations) involved in the state registration process, the current (far from optimal) state of legislation on state registration, which creates a favorable basis for the emergence of conflicts and disputes, suggests the need to develop effective forms and means of protecting the rights and legally protected interests of applicants, which, unfortunately, does not exist yet.

The purpose of the article is to identify key problems and trends in the development of legislation in terms of appealing (challenging) decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies (their officials) and other persons (organizations) involved in the process of state registration of a legal entity.

Objectives of the study: to analyze the development of legislation in terms of appealing (contesting) decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies (their officials) and other persons (organizations) involved in the process of state registration of a legal entity; to identify the directions of such development, to understand the reasons for their formation; to identify the main problems and formulate ways to overcome them.

Methodology. The article is written on the basis of traditional methods for legal research; the study is based on a systems analysis.

Results. It has been established that the existing regulations were formed to a greater extent "spontaneously", in the absence of a special political and legal basis; inconsistency in the provisions of the main regulatory documents has been revealed; problems arising with pre-trial appeal of decisions (actions / inaction) of authorized bodies, actions of the MFC and its employees have been identified; problems with appealing / challenging the actions / inaction of notaries are indicated.

Conclusion. The study shows the need for a systemic reform of the rules governing issues of appealing (challenging) decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies (their officials) and other persons (organizations) involved in the state registration process; directions for appropriate changes are proposed.

Relevance. Responsibility of the court for unlawful decisions has always been a matter of key concern. Since the times of Roman law which established the responsibility of judges for negligent performance of their duties to the parties, this issue with its diversified constituents has demanded to be thought over. The author reasons upon the need to establish social responsibility of judges, as well as the need to consolidate the principle of good faith in relation to their activities in the consideration and resolution of disputes.

The purpose of the research is to establish the meaning and content of the court responsibility in the framework of civil proceedings.

The research objectives are to determine social prerequisites needed to determine the responsibility of courts; to identify the importance of judges’ fair practices in determining their responsibility; and to critically comprehend the axiom "Jura novit curia" in the context of the topic under study.

Methodology. The research is based on the universal dialectical method of scientific cognition with applying analysis, deduction, description, generalization and formal legal methods.

The research resulted in the developed author's vision of the responsibility of courts. The author declares that the existence of social responsibility makes any person liable, so a judge must first of all foresee adverse consequences of his/her behavior. As the issue of good faith in terms of the judge’s conduct is not declared in procedural codes, the matter of the indisputable authority of the judicial system remains unresolved.

Conclusion. The paper frames the author's conclusion generated by many years of research about the need for a radical transformation of the institution of responsibility of courts for unlawful decisions beyond the framework of procedural appeal that is established by law.

Relevance. The combination of external and internal threats in the field of mental (socio-cultural) security requires urgent measures in terms of correcting the state's cultural policy. Modern strategic planning documents in one way or another affect the ongoing cultural policy, identify its defects. In this regard, proposals are increasingly being made to prepare and adopt a Federal law "On Culture" that is adequate to modern geopolitical and socio-cultural realities. Ensuring mental security, preserving and strengthening traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, along with public measures, also require increased attention to civil law means of implementing state policy in the field of culture.

The purpose is to develop theoretical recommendations for improving legislation governing the organization and holding of cultural, entertainment and other cultural events.

Objectives: to establish the influence of civil law means aimed at ensuring state policy in the field of culture; to determine an approximate catalog, a list of means that can be used by the legislator in the development and adoption of the Federal Law "On Culture".

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the dialectical-materialistic method, the systematic method, the method of analysis and synthesis, formal legal, as well as comparative legal methods were used.

Results of the study are reflected in the formulated proposals aimed at improving the legislation on culture by expanding the possible range of civil law tools that ensure a coordinated state policy in the field of culture.

Conclusion. In the course of the study, a justification was presented for the need to introduce into the legislation on culture and the practice of organizing an appropriate type of activity, holding cultural and entertainment events and similar events such civil legal means as: contracts, corporate and ethical acts, as well as starting points on civil liability.

Relevance. Fundamental differences in the processes of development and maintenance of artificial neural networks from the algorithmic approach determine the relevance of the development of the existing scientific and methodological platform for solving technological and regulatory issues in the field of software development and legal protection of intellectual property of artificial intelligence systems.

The purpose of the study is to formulate scientifically based conclusions that determine the directions for solving the scientific problem of legal protection of intellectual property on artificial neural networks.

Objectives: to formulate a list of scientific tasks necessary for solving the scientific problem of legal protection of intellectual property rights to artificial neural networks; to develop proposals for improving the regulatory framework for registering intellectual property rights to artificial neural networks.

Methodology. The methodological basis of scientific research was the dialectical method of understanding the phenomena and processes of the surrounding reality.

Results. The obtained results of the study provide the opportunity to improve the regulatory framework establishing the basic principles of legal relations arising during the registration of intellectual property rights to artificial neural networks.

Conclusion. The solution to the problem of legal protection of intellectual property on artificial neural networks should be based on the improvement of the existing regulatory framework for the registration of intellectual property rights, as well as regulatory acts that determine the rules for registering and securing intellectual property rights to arrays of training sample data and (or) arrays of trained models of artificial neural networks, as well as to the topology of integrated circuits of neuromorphic processors.

Relevance. In pre-revolutionary Russia, participants in civil transactions used methods of remote interaction aimed at the emergence, change and termination of private law relations. Remote interaction between participants in civil transactions necessitated their individualization. Nowadays, Russia is undergoing a transition to a digital economy based on the use of the digital environment. Remote interaction of participants in digital civil circulation initiates a solution to the problem of their individualization in the digital environment, which is carried out through the communicative process of identification. The results of scientific research concerning the methods of individualization of participants in remote interaction in pre-revolutionary Russia may be in demand in civil law at the present time. Their application is possible for the development of theoretical provisions concerning the identification of private law entities implementing remote interaction using digital tools.

The purpose of the study is to consider the issue of types of remote interaction between participants in civil transactions and methods of their individualization, used in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Objectives: research of types of remote interaction of participants in civil transactions; identifying ways to individualize participants in civil transactions who carried out remote interaction.

Methodology. In the process of working on the article, methods of synthesis, analysis, induction, deduction, historical-legal, comparative-legal, logical.

Results. In the course of the study, the types of remote interaction between participants in civil transactions and their inherent methods of individualization, used in pre-revolutionary Russia, were identified.

Conclusions. Remote interaction of participants in civil circulation in pre-revolutionary Russia was associated with their individualization, carried out in order to ensure the stability of civil circulation.

Relevance. In the context of rapid technological progress, digitalization and globalization, the risks of unauthorized use of visual data and other elements of personality personalization are increasing. Chronological analysis reveals the evolution of theoretical and legislative approaches, starting from the Russian Truth to the modern norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Understanding the periodization of the formation of legislation on the right to one's own image contributes to a deeper understanding of relevant issues and challenges, such as the protection of digital images and virtual avatars, the creation of digital doubles and their legal regulation. Modern technologies require adequate legal mechanisms to protect the visual identity of a person, which is especially important in the context of digital transformation of society. Thus, the study of the legal regulation of the right to an image and its historical aspects not only enriches the theoretical base, but also allows us to develop effective legal tools to protect the interests of citizens in modern realities.

The purpose is to study the history and current state of legislative regulation of the right to an image in Russia, as well as to consider various approaches to defining the concept of an image.

The objectives of the study: to determine the historical stages of the formation and development of the right to an image in the legislative acts of Russia; to investigate the theoretical developments of scientists on the right to one's own image; to determine the signs and essential properties of various approaches to defining the concept of an image; to assess the current state of legislative regulation of the right to an image in Russia.

Methodology. In the process of working on the research, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), historical method and methods of legal science (formal legal) were used.

Results. The study found distinguished by their applied nature, aimed at improving the effectiveness of civil law regulation of the right to an image.

Conclusion. Technological innovations require the adaptation of current legislation on the right to an image to curb abuse and misconduct, the introduction of the right to an image and the inclusion of provisions on inviolability will help protect the rights of citizens in the context of digital transformation.

Relevance. it seems relevant to consider the issue of the conditions for the legality of causing harm when suppressing socially dangerous attacks by law enforcement officers, in particular, the theoretical understanding of the conditions of legality enshrined in “special legislation” and the identification of situations where violation of these conditions of legality may entail liability for causing harm. harm if the limits of necessary defense are exceeded. The study of this issue will be carried out using the example of police officers and the National Guard.

The purpose of the study is to theoretically understand the conditions for the legality of harm caused using the example of the activities of police officers and the National Guard, when the latter suppress crimes and administrative offenses.

Objectives. Identify possible problems associated with the exercise by law enforcement officers of the right to necessary defense.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was the general dialectical method of cognition of phenomena and processes of the surrounding reality. In the course of developing the theoretical provisions of the work, formal-logical, formal-legal, statistical, method of interpretation of legal norms and other methods were also used.

Results. When deciding on the legality of the harm caused, the law enforcement officer focuses on compliance by police officers and the National Guard with the conditions for the legality of the use of force and weapons, enshrined in “special legislation” without taking into account the “general” conditions for the legality of necessary defense. At the same time, even if they are observed, police officers and the National Guard are subject to criminal prosecution for causing harm when using force and weapons.

Conclusions. As part of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that when assessing the harm caused by law enforcement officers when suppressing socially dangerous attacks, both the general conditions for the legality of necessary defense and additional ones enshrined in “special” legislation should be taken into account.

Relevance. Considerable scientific interest is the analysis of the determinants of the development of professional crime in times of crisis, when the political, socio-economic, and cultural spheres of life are particularly unstable in the country. The analysis of these conditions on the example of individual historical periods will make it possible to predict possible changes in the directions of development of domestic professional crime in the present and to determine effective measures against the growth of professional criminal activity in different historical realities.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes, factors and conditions of the growth of professional crime in Russia in the 1917 – early 1920s, as well as measures to prevent this dangerous type of criminal activity.

Objectives: to analyze the main determinants of the growth of professional crime in Russia in 1917 – early 1920s; to study individual measures to prevent the development of professional crime in Russia in the chronological period under study; to determine the effectiveness of measures used to counteract professional crime in Russia in 1917 – early 1920s.

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, methods of synthesis, analysis, systematization, generalization, as well as comparative legal and chronological methods were used.

The results. The article examines individual factors, causes and conditions of the growth of professional crime in Russia in 1917 – early 1920s. It was established that against the background of the growing activity of professional criminals in Russia during this period, a targeted policy was implemented to counter the development of this type of crime, but later it was curtailed.

Conclusion. The results of the study allowed us to determine that the development of professional crime in the designated period was influenced by such determinants as the general deterioration of the financial situation of a large part of the country's population, the growth of child homelessness, the lack of effectively functioning law enforcement agencies, as well as some others. The Soviet government made the necessary efforts to combat various manifestations of professional crime, but the "imaginary victory" over this dangerous anti-social phenomenon declared by the Soviet government and the curtailment of certain measures to combat professional crime did not lead to positive results, as a result of which the Soviet criminal world became even more consolidated and monolithic.

Relevance. The article examines the measures of regulatory legal regulation applied by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars in the field of banditry and illegal arms trafficking during the Civil War and the first post-war years. The authors studied the territorial division of the volosts of the Belgorod district of the Kursk province and the staffing of the GPU and police departments in the county, volosts and districts in the early 1920s. In accordance with the reports, an analysis of the activities of the Belgorod District police in the fight against banditry and illegal arms trafficking was carried out.

Purpose: to study the genesis of banditry and illegal arms trafficking during the Civil War and the first post-war years in the Belgorod district of the Kursk province.

Objectives: to study the characteristics of gangs and gangs that carried out their criminal activities in the region based on the analysis of migration processes that took place in the territory of Belgorod and the county in the context of the impact on crime levels during the Civil War and the first post-war years.

Methodology. The main methodological principles of the research were historicism and objectivity, and the authors adhered to general scientific methods of synthesis analysis and the historical-descriptive method.

The results of the study are theoretical and applied in nature, based on the study of archival documents, the main measures used by the law enforcement agencies of the county in the early 1920s to combat banditry and illegal arms trafficking are identified, and attention is paid to statistical reporting by the OGPU and the police in this area.

Conclusions. The conducted research has established that the law enforcement agencies of the Belgorod district of the Kursk province managed to identify the main directions, develop and apply a set of fundamental measures to combat banditry and illegal arms trafficking during the Civil War and the first post-war years on the territory of the county.

Relevance. This article examines the problem of transformation of the state-civil dialogue in conditions of political instability. In Russian political science, there is a growing need to understand the development of civil society in the Russian Federation in the period after the start of the Special Military Operation in 2022. It seems necessary to conduct a political analysis of the priorities of cooperation between public associations and government authorities in the field of ensuring national security and protecting the national and state interests of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of the study is to identify priority areas of cooperation between state authorities and public associations in the context of a special military operation. The objectives of the study are to systematize scientific ideas about the nature of the relationship between civil society and government in post-Soviet Russia, to analyze the evolution of interaction between public associations and the state after the start of a Special military operation, to identify key priorities for cooperation between the "third sector" and the authorities in protecting the national security of modern Russia.

The methodology of the research is based on an interdisciplinary theoretical approach. Historical, comparative, and structural-functional methods were used to solve the tasks set. The complex nature of the methodological basis of the research is based on scientific developments of modern political science knowledge in post-Soviet Russia and foreign scientific thought.

The results of the study are to substantiate the modernization of well-established ideas about the content and priorities of public-civil dialogue in Russia of the 21st century. It is proved that the majority of Russian society is aware of the scale and direction of challenges and threats to the national security of the country. Therefore, in the conditions of a Special military operation, the main factor in the development and activity of public associations is the "civil mobilization" of Russian society. A significant part of classical-type public organizations and unstructured volunteer associations are primarily aimed at assisting the state in protecting the national and state interests of modern Russia.

Conclusions. The patriotic rise of Russian society after the start of a Special military operation contributes to the formation of new priorities and areas of interaction between the "third sector" and federal and regional government authorities. In the foreseeable future, the participation of public associations in humanitarian support of the Russian armed forces will remain a key vector of their political socialization.

The relevance of the research topic is related to the importance of scientific understanding of the influential socio-cultural discourse presented by Orthodox traditionalists in the context of the socio-political and cultural transformation of Russia in the early XX century.

The purpose of the study: to analyze the public rhetoric of the thick Old Believer journals published in Russia in 1906-1916.

Objectives: to characterize the reasons that determine the value of Old Believers' journals for the history of public thought; to identify the range of socially significant problems that were raised on the pages of Old Believers' periodicals in 1906-1916; to assess the level of practical significance of studying the "recipes" of socio-cultural construction of Russia proposed by Old Believers.

Methods. In the course of working with publications traditional methods of textual analysis were used, including elements of content analysis, which involves a qualitative and quantitative study of the content of certain publications in order to identify their central ideas. To process and interpret obtained data the author used methods of description and historical induction as well as historical-statistical and historical-genetic methods.

Results. The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the Old Believer authors' understanding of the negative consequences of mechanical copying of Western socio-cultural norms, examines the specifics of strategies for effective nationally oriented construction proposed by traditionalists in the conditions of the social crisis of the early 20th century. the expediency of using the ideas of "soil" socio-cultural construction in modern conditions is considered.

Conclusions. On the pages of the "thick" Old Believer journals there is a significant number of "recipes" aimed at strengthening national consciousness, education, countering radicalism in politics and vulgar consumerism in everyday life, maintaining family values, combating drunkenness and smoking. Their analysis will enrich the scientific understanding of the social and intellectual realities of the late Empire, some of the strategies of Russia presented by Old Believer publicists at the beginning of the 20th century can be adapted to modern realities.

Relevance. One of the most important tasks of the modern education system is to improve the quality of graduate training. The degree of mastering the profession largely depends on the effectiveness of the educational process. The reform of higher education carried out in recent decades is clearly contradictory. The introduction of bachelor's and master's degrees with changing educational standards has led to a loss of achievements in personnel training. Therefore, an objective understanding of the experience of the organization of higher education is an urgent area of scientific research. The history of universities has always attracted the interest of researchers. But often, relying only on memories, the authors ignore archival documents containing clerical, administrative, methodological and personal information. The analysis of a wide range of sources based on the latest methodological approaches allows to avoid such errors. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively consider the organizational and material prerequisites for the opening, as well as to generalize the initial stage of the functioning of the Kursk State Medical Institute in the second half of the 1930s.

Objectives: to reveal the historiographical features of the research topic; to characterize the main problems associated with the organization of higher medical education in the region.

Methodology. The principles of objectivity and historicism were applied during the research. To solve the tasks set by the author, historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historical-comparative, typological, retrospective methods were used.

Results. The study and generalization of sources and historiography made it possible to clarify the history of Kursk State Medical University at its initial stage, paying attention to the distortions and inaccuracies allowed in previous publications.

Conclusions. Kursk Medical Institute played an important role in the training of medical personnel for the region and the country, especially in wartime conditions. The statements of individual authors about the personal participation of I.V. Stalin in solving a number of issues related to the opening of the university are not confirmed by documentary sources. In the early years of the institute's operation, significant educational traditions were laid, which were successfully implemented at subsequent stages of its activity.

Relevance. For almost two centuries, rail transport has been and remains one of the key means of transportation. Due to this, it is necessary to ensure traffic safety, which should be reflected in the basic rules applicable to railway transport. This article is devoted to the analysis of the rules of technical operation of railway transport from the end of the XIX century to the present. The development of railway techniques and technologies reflects not only progress in the engineering and technical fields, but also the vast context of social, economic, political and scientific changes. The study of the evolution of the rules of technical operation allows us to trace these changes and draw conclusions about how scientific and technical innovations were formed and introduced into the practice of railway transport.

Purpose of the study is to study the evolution of the rules of technical operation of Russian railway transport in different periods of time.

Objective is to conduct a comparative analysis of the evolution of the rules of technical operation of railway transport from the end of the XIX century to the present to identify changes in the basic requirements for safety and technical characteristics, to identify the causes of changes and the influence of political, economic and technological factors on the formation of these rules; to assess the role of changes in the context of the development of the railway system.

Methodology. The research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. To solve the tasks set, such methods as historical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-typological were used.

Results. A comparison of the provisions of the rules of technical operation of railways made it possible to objectively assess the impact of scientific and technological progress in the field of railway transport on the formation and strengthening of regulatory and technical traffic safety.

Conclusion. The author came to the conclusion that the rules of technical operation of railways have undergone a number of changes, innovations, exceptions and improvements over their history, but many provisions remain unchanged to this day. The accumulated operational, technical and normative experience is necessary for further improvement of the safety system in Russian railway transport.

The relevance. The geopolitical situation that has developed at the moment, of course, emphasizes the extremely important importance of providing timely and qualified medical care, primarily in critical and non-standard conditions. In 2024, the healthcare system on the country's railways turns 180 years old. During this time, Russian transport medicine has accumulated a wealth of experience in maintaining the health of railway workers and their family members, even in the most difficult periods of history. In the post-war years, there was an active restoration of the functioning of medical and sanitary institutions on railway transport. By 1950, large-scale work was carried out in the Central Chernozem region to expand the medical network and the volume of services for railway workers, their family members, as well as industry veterans. It should be noted that the railway healthcare system has performed and continues to perform important social functions, guaranteeing medical care to employees with a special regime of performing professional duties. That is why the study of the experience of the functioning of transport medicine is relevant today.

The purpose of the study is to comprehensively consider the organizational, managerial, and logistical conditions for the development of transport healthcare in the Central Chernozem region in the 1940s and early 1950s.

The objectives: to reveal the specifics of healthcare in railway transport in the period under review; to characterize the main problems in the organization of medical care for railway workers.

Methodology. The principles of objectivity and historicism were used as the methodological basis of the work. To solve the tasks set, the author used historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historical-comparative, typological, retrospective methods.

Results. The study and generalization of archival sources made it possible to objectively assess the specifics and problems of medical care for railway workers in the regions of the Central Chernozem region in the first post-war years.

Conclusions. During the period under review, transport healthcare in the Central Chernozem region was actively restored and developed. The full-fledged provision of qualified medical care to railway workers was primarily hampered by logistical problems.

Relevance. Throughout the entire period of development of the urban environment, artists changed their attitude towards artistic spaces. N. I. Verkhoturov is one of many who not only sought to increase the interest of residents in his works, but also to create an artistic environment in the Irkutsk province. These aspects strengthen and intensify the work on studying the artistic heritage of the master, which has been preserved in the archives and museums of Irkutsk.

The purpose is to present the work of N. I. Verkhoturov on creating artistic spaces for the interaction of artists with visitors to exhibitions in the Irkutsk province at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.

Objectives: to identify materials about the activities of N. I. Verkhoturov, within the framework of which the process of coordinating the work of the creative community is described; explore artistic events aimed at disseminating knowledge about Russian art; analyze archival materials in the context of their influence on the attitude of N. I. Verkhoturov in the construction of pedagogical and creative activities, cooperation with artists and collectors.

Methodology. The work is based on an integrated approach. The principles of historicism, objectivity, and scientific character are taken into account; problem-chronological and historical-genetic methods are used.

Results. As part of the work in the archives of the Irkutsk region, materials were identified that describe the activities of N. I. Verkhoturov at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries in creating educational institutions and organizing exhibition pavilions. Considering stories related to the master’s participation in events, one can be convinced of a change in the public’s attitude towards artists, museums, and art collections.

Conclusions. N.I. Verkhoturov participated in the creation of a drawing school, the work of educational institutions and public and scientific organizations. As a result of interaction with artists and collectors, centers of artistic life appeared in the Irkutsk province. Studying publications and materials on the history of art and the urban environment, the artist showed interest in creating educational institutions, workshops, and maintaining the work of museums and art galleries.