THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LEGAL SCIENCES
Relevance. The emergence of parliamentary mechanisms in the European space is the result of a strong political and legal tradition. Before parliaments acquired the status of state structures, society developed special representative institutions - prototypes of parliamentarism, which are rightly considered popular assemblies. The analysis of their legal status and functionality is a promising scientific direction, as it allows us to generate regularities and factors of parliamentarism as a unique category.
Purpose: generalization of retrospective experience of people’s assemblies in the context of their positioning as proto-parliamentary models.
Objectives: to study the empirical basis for the functioning of popular assemblies in the format of ecclesia, commissions, tings and veche, to determine the «points of influence» of these structures on the fixation of parliamentary values in national legal orders.
Methodology. The methodology of the research is represented by a combination of general scientific, private scientific and special legal methods, among which the comparative legal method is of particular importance.
Results. The results of the study are of theoretical and applied nature and consist in a summarized view of the competence toolkit of popular assemblies operating in different historical periods on the territory of the European continent and their role in the subsequent establishment of parliamentary principles.
Conclusions. Popular assemblies in the format of ecclesia, commissions, tings and veche, accompanying the development of the state system of various countries and epochs, were peculiar stimuli for the formation of parliamentarism, which acquired a stable reputation as the social architecture became more complex and deliberative structures were introduced into the managerial conjuncture. The experience of people's assemblies largely predetermined the further emergence of parliaments as a natural result of the development of social relations.
Relevance. Numerous environmental problems, overlapping with legal reality, transform the established legal order, introducing elements of uncertainty into it. In such circumstances, specific participants in legal relations do not always have a clear idea of how their model of behavior should be implemented in a legitimate way, which is why they quite consciously have to rely on risk. In its most general form, risk is a derivative of uncertainty. In the realities of environmental and legal uncertainty, situations are common where the subject of normative or law enforcement activities, relying on risk, does not have a clear forecast of the success of his legally significant decisions, but another behavior option that is not based on risk is either excluded altogether or difficult to implement. Such trends determine the need for a comprehensive theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of premeditation of subjects of lawmaking and law enforcement activities in the context of environmental and legal risk.
The purpose is to identify the key features of the premeditation factor in relation to the law enforcement and rule-making aspects of legal activity in the context of environmental and legal risk.
Objectives: to reveal the essence of premeditation as such, to consider the law enforcement and rule-making sides of premeditation of an ecological and legal nature in a risk-oriented model of legal relations, to identify the forms of manifestation of such premeditation.
Methodology. To solve the tasks set, methods of interpretation of normative and law enforcement acts, analysis, synthesis, concretization and abstraction were used.
The results of the study were data characterizing the features of intentional environmental and legal risks in law enforcement and rule-making environments.
Conclusion. The existence of deliberate environmental and legal risks is a consequence, firstly, of general environmental problems and, secondly, of defects in the field of legal regulation. Premeditation in the context of environmental and legal risk is expressed by the conscious will of the subject to achieve a certain useful result. Sometimes, in the format of normative or law enforcement work, such a risk is acceptable, but its use should be extremely careful.
PRIVATE (CIVIL) JURISPRUDENCE
Relevance. A legal entity is a popular legal tool for citizens of the Russian Federation to implement their economic and other interests, as evidenced by the statistical data of the Federal Tax Service of Russia in terms of state registration of legal entities. The scale of interaction between applicants and authorized bodies, as well as persons (organizations) involved in the state registration process, the current (far from optimal) state of legislation on state registration, which creates a favorable basis for the emergence of conflicts and disputes, suggests the need to develop effective forms and means of protecting the rights and legally protected interests of applicants, which, unfortunately, does not exist yet.
The purpose is to identify key problems and trends in the development of legislation in terms of appealing (challenging) decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies (their officials) and other persons (organizations) involved in the process of state registration of a legal entity.
Objectives of the study: to analyze the development of legislation in terms of appealing (contesting) decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies (their officials) and other persons (organizations) involved in the process of state registration of a legal entity; to identify the directions of such development, to understand the reasons for their formation; to identify the main problems and formulate ways to overcome them.
Methodology. The article is written on the basis of traditional methods for legal research; the study is based on a systems analysis.
Results. It has been established that the existing regulations were formed to a greater extent "spontaneously", in the absence of a special political and legal basis; inconsistency in the provisions of the main regulatory documents has been revealed; problems arising with pre-trial appeal of decisions (actions / inaction) of authorized bodies, actions of the MFC and its employees have been identified; problems with appealing / challenging the actions / inaction of notaries are indicated.
Conclusion. The study shows the need for a systemic reform of the rules governing issues of appealing (challenging) decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies (their officials) and other persons (organizations) involved in the state registration process; directions for appropriate changes are proposed.
Relevance. Self-regulation is one of the most rapidly developing legal institutions, but its development faces a number of difficulties, both theoretical and practical. The question of the place of self-regulation in the legal system, its classification as an institution of private or public law is debatable. The problem of subsidiary liability of a self-regulatory organization for its members to consumers of goods (works, services) also requires additional attention, in particular the possibility of classifying it as a method of ensuring the fulfillment of an obligation.
The purpose is to develop scientifically substantiated provisions on the subsidiary liability of self-regulatory organizations. Research objectives: to determine the legal nature of self-regulation; to identify private law aspects of self-regulation; to characterize the subsidiary liability of SROs and to establish its relationship with the institution of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations.
Methodology. The article is based on the methods of analysis, deduction, description, generalization, formal legal, systemic methods.
Results. Self-regulation combines both private law principles and public law ones. The private nature of self-regulation is manifested in the voluntary nature of membership, as well as the imposition of civil liability on it for the actions of its members. The public element is that membership (admission) to the SRO gives the right to carry out certain types of activities.
The liability of a self-regulatory organization for damages caused by its members is an important tool in protecting the interests of consumers of goods (works, services) and this differs from licensing.
The application of subsidiary liability of a self-regulatory organization should cover any adverse property consequences that have arisen for the consumer of goods (works, services) due to improper performance of their obligations by an SRO member.
Conclusions. Subsidiary liability of an SRO is a way to ensure the fulfillment of an obligation aimed at creating additional guarantees for the creditor of the proper fulfillment of the obligation at the expense of the property of a third party.
Relevance. The study is devoted to comparing the institution of obligation due to harm (Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and unjustified enrichment (Chapter 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) in modern Russian civil law from theoretical and practical positions using the only criterion of differentiation – the consequences of committed actions (inaction. The article focuses on the problem of choosing a particular claim and notes the ambiguity of judicial practice on this issue.
The purpose of the article is to compare the institutions of obligation due to harm and unjustified enrichment (Chapters 59 and 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), to determine possible improvements in legislation).
Objectives: to determine the essence of tort and unjustified enrichment; to analyze various points of view on the relationship between tort and unjustified enrichment and the institution of obligations due to harm and unjustified enrichment; to identify and consider the problem of competition of claims; to propose a possible differentiation of institutions of obligation due to harm and unjustified enrichment.
Methodology. In the preparation of the work, dialectical, formal-legal, comparative-legal methods of scientific cognition were used along with methods of description, analysis, and scientific abstraction.
Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was recognized that the institutions defined in Chapters 59, 60 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have difficulties in their differentiation, which creates the problem of competition of claims. The main criterion for their differentiation should be considered the consequences associated with the actions of a delinquent or unreasonably enriched person.
Conclusions. It is concluded that the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in a special Resolution clarifies the provisions of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the distinctive features of unjustified enrichment and obligations arising from harm).
CRIMINAL LEGAL SCIENCE
Relevance. Citizen participation in the administration of justice increases the openness of legal proceedings and the level of citizen confidence in the judicial system. At the same time, the right of the accused to have their criminal case examined by a court with the participation of representatives of the people is ensured. However, the involvement of non-professional judges in considering criminal cases is always associated with several organizational and procedural problems. To prevent and solve such problems in the criminal process of individual states, restrictions may be introduced on the jurisdiction of criminal cases in courts with the participation of representatives of the people, and specific considerations of certain categories of cases may be provided for. Such specific criminal cases include criminal cases against minors. There is an ongoing debate among Russian scientists and practitioners regarding the possibility of a juvenile defendant exercising the right to have their criminal case heard by a court with the participation of a jury.
Purpose: disclosure of historical and modern approaches to the participation of citizens as lay judges in criminal cases involving minors.
Objective: to reveal historical and modern approaches to the participation of representatives of the people in the consideration of criminal cases; to identify the possibilities and features of consideration of criminal cases against minors by the court with the participation of citizens; justify the feasibility of forming in the Russian criminal process a special system for considering criminal cases with the participation of representatives of the people.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, comparative-legal, formal-legal methods, and general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, analogy) were used.
Results. There are proposals formulated to adjust doctrinal and normative approaches to the consideration of criminal cases against minors with the participation of lay judges.
Conclusion. The existing model of criminal proceedings with the participation of a jury does not consider the specifics of criminal cases against minors. However, expanding opportunities for citizens to participate in the consideration of this particular category of criminal cases is socially significant. A constructive discussion is required regarding the development of a model for considering criminal cases against minors with the involvement of lay judges.
Relevance. The Internet acts as an object accumulating a large array of results of user actions in the form of electronic and digital traces, as well as a significant amount of other information that can be used in the investigation of crimes. Given the ongoing growth of attacks in which the global network has become a means of committing them, it is necessary to offer investigative authorities recommendations on using the Internet as a source of necessary information and as a means of solving the tasks of criminal proceedings.
The purpose of the research is to determine from which sides and to what extent the Internet manifests itself in those patterns that are the subject of criminalistics science, in order to propose a systematic approach to the use of information resources of the network in solving the tasks of the investigation process.
Objectives: to characterize the Internet as a source of electronic digital traces and other criminally significant information; to show that techniques, tools and methods of working with evidence implemented through the Internet are criminalistics; to highlight the features of the Internet as a manifestation of the mechanism of criminal activity and the source of the criminalistic characteristics.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the dialectical method of cognition, and a set of general scientific and private scientific research methods (system-structural, formal-logical, predictive, etc.) were also used.
Results. Separate theoretical provisions of the methodology of using the Internet in the investigation of crimes have been developed.
Conclusion. The Internet, reflecting virtual life, can be represented as one of the sides of the object of criminalistics, acting as a functional side of both criminal and crime detection and investigation activities, and the patterns of the mechanism of various types of crimes that manifest themselves on the network, the emergence and finding of information about the crime and its participants, the possibility of search and obtaining criminally significant information, securing, researching and using it as evidence, as well as the use of the Internet as a means of judicial research and crime prevention, the Internet is an element of the subject of criminalistics science.
Relevance. Unlawful acts under martial law carry an increased public danger, destabilizing national security, exacerbating resource scarcity and having an extremely negative impact on society. This requires the criminal justice system to respond as quickly and effectively as possible, including in terms of imposing fair and proportionate penalties. In light of the current foreign policy situation, the relevance of this study is undeniable.
Purpose. The purpose of the work is to identify the positive and negative aspects of the application of digital solutions to optimize the assignment of criminal penalties under martial law on the basis of a comprehensive analysis.
Objectives: to identify specific factors and challenges affecting the process of sentencing in the context of military conflict, to study the best international experience in the use of digital technologies to improve the effectiveness of judicial determination of criminal sanctions, to analyze the prospects for the use of innovative tools in the imposition of criminal sanctions, taking into account the peculiarities of martial law, to identify the key advantages and limitations of the use of digital technologies in the judicial system to improve the objectivity, speed, and efficiency of the judicial process.
Methodology. The work is built on the basis of dialectical general scientific approach, which provided the integrity of the study and substantiation of cause-and-effect relationships. We used general scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, generalization, special legal method - comparative-legal method.
Results. Under martial law, the use of digital technologies can increase the objectivity, speed and transparency of sentencing. However, there are risks of errors and system failures, the need for costly investments, problems with information security and citizens' distrust of «soulless» machine solutions.
Conclusion. The study identifies both the potential benefits and risks of digital solutions for optimizing criminal sentencing under martial law. In order to improve the effectiveness and reliability of digital solutions, risks related to cybersecurity, personal data protection and resilience to disruptions under emergency conditions need to be carefully assessed. At the same time, it is important to continuously improve and adapt technologies, ensuring their flexibility to dynamically changing wartime realities.
Relevance. The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of law enforcement in the field of changing the charge by the court of first instance. The article examines a number of issues: the possibility of changing the charge if a criminal case is terminated on non-rehabilitating grounds; granting the court a power to initiate a change in the charge; establishing the obligation of the public prosecutor to change the charge; changing the charge by the court if crime is reclassifying as a private prosecution crime; the limits of changing the charge by the court; changing the charge if a crime is committed in complicity; eliminating a technical error in the charge by the court. The proposals by the criminal procedure scientists are studied. Assessment of the possibility of implementing the provisions provided for by the legislation of a number of foreign countries (Lithuania, Norway, Canada, Brazil) governing the procedure and limits for changing the charge by the court.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems that arise when the first instance court change the charges and formulate solutions.
Research objectives: study of possible ways to improve the regulation of changing charges by the court; analysis of the legislation of foreign countries (Lithuania, Norway, Canada, Brazil, Malta, Azerbaijan) and the judicial practice of the ECHR in this area; developing solutions to problematic issues of changing charges by the court.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was formed by comparative legal and historical methods of legal science, as well as analysis and synthesis.
The results of the study consist in the development of theoretical proposals and practical recommendations for improving the procedural order and the limits of changing charges by the court in domestic legal proceedings.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, the following main conclusions were formulated: it is necessary to establish a power of the court to change the charge if a criminal case are terminated, grounding by articles 75, 76, 76.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; granting to the court a right to raise the issue of changing the charge are violating the principles of impartiality of the court and the adversarial nature of the criminal process; the limits of the change of charge by the court need to be clarified.
Relevance. Solving problems and achieving their own goals is often carried out by people in violation of the established order, as well as openly criminal ways. Participants of various social relations commit unauthorised actions in order to restore both their violated rights and believing that they are violated, including those related to the impact on the property belonging to the victim, as well as well as other actions, exceeding the limits of self-protection of rights. The proper legal qualification of such actions requires the determination of the public danger of self-rule. In a state governed by the rule of law, only lawful and proportionate ways of resolving property disputes are acceptable, otherwise the actions of persons to protect their subjective rights acquire socially dangerous forms and determine the growth of criminally punishable self-rule.
The purpose of the study is to establish the characteristics of public danger of self-rule, recognised by criminal legislation as a crime.
Objectives: to analyse doctrinal approaches to the definition of public danger of self-rule and to establish its actual characteristics.
Methodology. When writing the work the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, general scientific (logical) methods and tools of system approach were used.
Results. It is proved that the public danger of arbitrariness is determined by its harmfulness (causing harm or threat of harm) to public and private spheres of public relations.
Conclusions. Unauthorised actions at self-rule not only violate the order of committing certain actions established by law, thus encroaching on the order of management, but also can cause negative changes in other objects of criminal-legal protection, not less significant in the hierarchy of social values, such as life and health, property, economy, interests of justice and so on.
Relevance. The article deals with the issues of insignificance of the act, stipulated by item. "b" part 3 part 3 of article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The grounds and conditions of the grounds and conditions of insignificance of thefts. On the basis of the study of judicial practice are outlined peculiarities of application of the provisions on insignificance to theft of hydrocarbon raw materials from the pipeline raw materials.
Purpose: to study the possibility and conditions of applying the provisions of part 2 of article 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to the theft committed from an oil pipeline to theft committed from an oil pipeline, oil product pipeline and gas pipeline (item "b", part 3, article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
Objectives: study and identification of conditions of application of insignificance of a deed to the theft from pipelines on the basis of analysis of modern judicial practice and provisions of doctrine of criminal law.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was the general dialectical method of scientific cognition. of scientific cognition. The author used such private methods as: Formal-legal, sociological and method of legal modelling.
Results. The authors analyzed and summarized the conditions, distinguished in the theory of criminal law, under which a specific socially dangerous act can be recognized as insignificant and projected on theft committed from an oil pipeline, petroleum product pipeline, petroleum product pipeline. oil, oil product and gas pipelines, and studied the materials of materials of judicial and investigative practice on the termination of criminal cases on theft of raw materials from the thefts of raw materials from pipelines due to insignificance, the author's conditional criteria were singled out criteria under which the theft of oil, oil products or gas can be considered a low-value act. as an insignificant act.
Conclusion: the individual danger of a specific fact of theft from pipelines in some situations may not correspond to the level of criminal danger, which the legislator has laid down in the relevant act as a result of its criminalization. The conducted research allows us to determine the approximate mandatory and optional signs for recognizing theft from pipelines as insignificant.
POLITICAL SCIENCES
Relevance. The problem of the evolution of the ethnopolitical process is one of the factors of the stable political development of modern Russia. The actual state of ethnopolitical relations in the Russian Federation practically does not correspond to the most common expert assessments of the past years. Guided by these largely outdated ideas, state institutions are experiencing difficulties in finding effective tools for regulating interethnic relations in Russia of the 21st century.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the main vectors of the development of the ethnopolitical process in the modern Russian Federation
Research objectives: to systematize the main scientific approaches to the problem of nation-building, to identify the prerequisites for the causes of contradictions in the field of interethnic relations in post-Soviet Russia, to consider the main vectors of development of the modern ethnopolitical process.
Methodology. Structural-functional, historical, and comparative methods were used to solve the research tasks. To clarify the parameters of the transformation of ethnopolitical relations in the Russian Federation, the provisions of the conflictological, primordialist and constructivist approaches were used.
The results of the study. The content of the modern ethnopolitical process in Russia is determined by the collision of vectors of endogenous and exogenous content. The dominant problem remains the unwillingness of the expert community and state institutions to reconsider the concepts of the state national policy that have not justified themselves. The vectors of the ethnopolitical process in the Russian Federation in the foreseeable future will be determined by the collision of such leading strategies as "civil identity", "multiculturalism" and the project "Russian political nation".
Conclusions. The main prerequisites and causes of contradictions in the interethnic relations of Russian society are revealed. They are associated with the influence of globalization processes and the specific conditions of political, economic and socio-cultural relations in the Russian Federation. The need to adjust traditional approaches to the implementation of state national policy in the modern Russian Federation is argued.
HISTORICAL SCIENCES
The relevance of the research topic is related to the continuing problems of control and access to information in the modern information society.
The purpose of the study is to provide a systematic understanding of military censorship in Russia in 1914-1918 in the context of the development of the late Imperial state mechanism.
Objectives analysis of the structure, activities, and personnel of military censorship in Russia during the First World War; concentration of currently available information on documents of military censorship stored in various Russian and foreign archives.
Methodology. The historical and typological method was used to analyze the structure and functions of military censorship, and the historical and genetic method was used to study its development during the First World War. The study of the personnel, the peculiarities of the work of different areas of censorship was carried out using the historical and comparative method.
Results. The paper analyzes the legislative framework, structure and directions of military censorship in Russia during the First World War. It is shown that military censorship was a complex, multi-level structure that had no unity of command and included representatives of different, sometimes conflicting departments. These features led to the «scattering» of the documentary heritage of the military censorship authorities in numerous collections of Russian and foreign archives.
Conclusions. The complexity of the structure of military censorship created numerous difficulties in the practice of censorship control. The chronic disadvantages of Russian censorship during the First world war years were contradictory decisions, inconsistency and insufficient elaboration of the regulatory framework, which often led to the use of military censorship for purely political purposes (for example, to censor speeches by opposition Duma deputies). The problems of military censorship were aggravated by a chronic shortage of funding, shortage and high turn-over of personnel. As a result, instead of becoming an effective tool in the hands of the government, military censor-ship became one of the factors of the political crisis in Russia on the eve of the Russian revolution.
Relevance. Crimes in the alcohol trade cause significant damage to the State budget and national morality. The study of crimes and penalties for violation of regulations on drinking trade during the period of free circulation of drinks can indicate the direction of improvement of the modern excise mechanism, clarify the scientific view of drinking liberalization in post-reform Russia.
The purpose of the article is to highlight the types of crimes and punishments in the drinking trade during excise time, to identify ways to reduce "drinking" crimes.
The objectives are determined by the stated theme and consist in: to characterize crimes in the wine trade; to indicate the penalties provided for by excise legislation; to assess the effectiveness of combating violations in the conditions of free alcohol turnover.
The methodology includes the principles of objectivity, consistency, historicism, in addition to which historical-genetic, historical-typological, historical-statistical methods were used.
Results. During the excise period, many places for drinking were opened. A considerable part of the sellers resorted to illegal ways of making a profit. Crimes in the wine trade outnumbered crimes in the distillery. A significant percentage was trade without taking a patent and the release of alcohol of inappropriate quality. Monetary penalties prevailed as punishment. Despite the gradual tightening of excise legislation, the number of crimes in the drinking trade remained significant due to the personal interest of wine merchants and insufficient control by excise authorities. This became one of the reasons for replacing the excise system with a state-owned wine monopoly.
Conclusion. During the excise period, the systematization of crimes in the drinking trade was carried out and measures to counteract criminal acts were developed. The severity of the punishment depended on the degree of damage. The state monopoly was called upon to stop crimes in the wine trade.
The relevance of the article is due to the difficult epidemiological situation in the Kursk region, which arose due to a special military operation. The historical experience of the zemstvos in solving acute veterinary problems can be used in modern conditions. The history of veterinary and epizootic surveillance in the second half of the 19th century is also relevant from a theoretical point of view, as it allows us to expand knowledge about the socio-economic development of post-reform Russia.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the veterinary practice of zemstvos in the Central Chernozem region in the second half of the XIX century.
Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of the development of veterinary medicine in the zemstvo provinces; to analyze the problems faced by zemstvo veterinarians and methods of their solution; to evaluate the effectiveness of veterinary practice of zemstvos in the Central Chernozem region.
The methodology includes chronological and historical-comparative approaches. The method of objectivity and scientific approach based on the principle of historicism is applied.
Results. In the post-reform period, a tense epizootic situation developed in Russia. Zemstvo veterinarians took effective measures to counteract animal diseases. Measures aimed at preventing and eliminating epizootics, combating infectious diseases of animals were carried out everywhere, the population received free medical care for sick animals, veterinary laboratories and diagnostic rooms were opened. The fight against animal diseases in the Central Chernozem region has led to the complete elimination of epidemics.
Conclusions. Zemstvo veterinary medicine contributed to the improvement of animal health and the development of livestock farms in Russia in the second half of the XIX century. The activities of zemstvo veterinarians marked the beginning of the organizational design of the veterinary service as a separate branch of medicine.
Relevance. Strategic planning of the development of territories is impossible without taking into account the peculiarities of history, geographical location, specifics of the production and economic potential of the region as factors influencing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the population. Under the influence of powerful destabilizing events of a military, political and economic nature, the experience of the first decade of Soviet power in managing urban communities is useful for determining the vector of transformation of state institutions, which requires determining the content of the category «social structure of the urban population» in the post-revolutionary period.
The purpose – to reveal the content of the concept of the “social structure of the urban population” in the early Soviet period on the example of the Kursk province.
Objectives: to correlate the sociological understanding, the established practice of interpretation by the Kursk Provincial Committee of the RCP(b)-VKP(b) and the approaches of Soviet and modern researchers to the concept of “social structure of the urban population”.
Methodology. To achieve the set goals and objectives of the study, the author uses the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The assessment of the sociological understanding of social composition required the application of an interdisciplinary approach. In addition, the methodological apparatus of the study includes historical-genetic, retrospective, historical-comparative methods.
Results. The concept of the category “social structure of the urban population” was developed in the first postrevolutionary decade, taking into account the regional peculiarities of the development of the Kursk province, as well as the state of the historiography of the issue.
Conclusion. The category “social structure of the urban population” is a complex concept, which, taking into account the events of the first decade of Soviet power, includes in its scope a set of groups of people united on the basis of the political and ideological development of the state and quantitative and qualitative signs of the vital activity of the population within a specific urban area, taking into account historical and economic factors.
Relevance. The topic of the defense of besieged Leningrad has been studied in many ways, but the role of technical camouflage in the defense of the besieged city has not been sufficiently covered. Not all historical sources stored in archives have been published, analyzed and introduced into scientific circulation.
The purpose: to cover the course of historical events during the period of technical camouflage of the most important urban objects of Leningrad, as well as the concealment of cultural values, the dominant features of the city and the camouflage of the ships of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet moored on the Neva.
Objectives: to study archival documents, previously published studies on this topic, memoirs of participants in technical camouflage; to analyze the activities of the Architectural Planning Department during the implementation of technical camouflage measures for the most important urban objects and cultural values; to summarize the conclusions about the role and place of the Architectural Planning Department during technical camouflage.
Methodology. The study used such methods as historical, chronological, and systems approach using the structural-functional analysis method.
Results. The article, based on archival documents of the Central State Archive, the archive of historical and political documents, previously conducted studies, and the memoirs of participants in the siege of Leningrad, examines the activities of the Architectural Planning Department of the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies of Leningrad during the technical camouflage of vital city objects and cultural values.
Conclusions. Conclusions are made about the direct participation of the Architectural Planning Department in technical camouflage.