Relevance. The appeal to the field of binding legal relations in Moldova of the XVI-XVII centuries is dictated by the erroneous idea that in feudal society, the law of obligations was not widespread. At the same time, numerous acts of the XVI – XVII centuries testify to the intensive development of the law of obligations and its individual institutions in the Moldovan state. The article highlights the issues of binding legal relations in Moldova of the XVI – XVII centuries.
The purpose of the article is to determine the main characteristics of the law of obligations of the Moldovan state, as well as the features of certain types of contracts: barter, gift, sale, loan, loan, etc.
Objectives: to analyze the branch of the law of obligations of Moldova in the 16th-17th centuries, the sources of its legal regulation; to determine the main types of civil law contracts, to reveal the essence of the right of first refusal.
Methodology. The methodological basis was the historical method of research. Along with the historical method of research, the principles of objectivity and scientific character were used.
The results of the scientific research showed that despite the intensification of the development of the law of obligations in Moldova of the XVI – XVII centuries, there was no unified national legal collection in the state aimed at regulating private law relations. Partially accepted norms of Byzantine law (the Syntagma of M. Vlastar, the Byzantine Agricultural Law), as well as the Code of Vasily Lupu of 1646, did not displace the norms of customary law (obicheyul pamyntului), which primarily regulated obligationsThe regulation of binding relations by the norms of customary law resulted in the preservation of some community institutions, such as the idea of solidarity, which consists in the presence of collective subjects and collective responsibility (family, community), the right of pre-emptive acquisition ("protimisis").
Conclusions. In general, it can be concluded that the field of binding legal relations has been intensively developing and has tended to mix different types of legal relations, such as barter, purchase and sale, gifts, loans, loans, etc. This is due to the lack of development of legal terminology and techniques, as well as the nature of property turnover with its naturalization features. The development of the law of obligations took place by gradually replacing personal liability under contracts with property liability.

Relevance. In critical epochs, there is always an increasing interest in the topics of metaphysical comprehension of being and not only of an individual, but also of the political form of social structure – the state. One of the littlestudied in legal science is the Christian catechonic theory of the state as a force that keeps the world from universal evil and the coming of the Antichrist. And not any state, but one chosen by God. In the Russian conservative discourse, Russia was considered such a state, as the successor of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
Purpose: to study the genesis of the catechonic theory of the state in the Russian political and legal doctrine.
Objectives: to study the evolution of the theory of "catechon", its analysis in the modern political and legal discourse and comprehension of practical relevance at the present stage.
Methodology. The article uses a complex of general scientific and special legal research methods. The historical-legal and partly interdisciplinary nature of the article determined the importance of using the transcendental method, the method of theoretical and legal interpretation of legal ideas and legal hermeneutics.
The results of the study are of a political and legal nature and include practical proposals for improving the national statehood, in particular: the construction of power relations on a Christian-conceptual basis, where the government and the people are connected by a system of common spiritual and moral values; the development of the state in a complex form - a spiritual and political empire, heterogeneous ethnically, economically, politically, but with a single the center of government; recognition of the unity and indivisibility of state power, designed to serve, the realization of spiritual and moral ideals.
Conclusions. The study of the genesis of the catechonic concept of the state showed that the domestic conservative political and legal doctrine proceeded from the mission mission of Russia as a superstate (spiritual and political empire), designed to keep the world from the reign of the Antichrist. Currently, this idea is actively spreading in political discourse.

Relevance of the study is determined by a special positivization of Article 152.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation – ‘Protection of the private life of a citizen’, which demonstrated the position of the domestic legislator, who took a course on detailed legal regulation of intangible benefits of a citizen. However, the appearance of special regulations concerning ‘private life’ in the civil law field did not contribute to the surge of civil scientific activity: traditionally, this phenomenon is investigated in the context of constitutional and criminal investigations. Taking into account the civil-law branch of ‘private life’, there is an objective need for civil developments in this regard.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the degree of scientific elaboration of the concept of ‘private life’ in the civil doctrine and the relevant topics of scientific research of law enforcement practice, which is explanatory in nature.
Objectives: to study the determinants of the positivization of ‘private life’ within the framework of a separate article of a codified act of civil legislation; to find out the constitutional foundations of a person's ‘private life’; to analyze the definitions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which set out the most generalized idea of ‘private life’; to determine the specifics of the interpretation of ‘private life’ by the European Court of Human Rights; to consider some scientific views on the concept of ‘private life’ and its content.
Methodology of scientific research. In the course of the research, the following methods were used: dogmatic, comparative-legal, intersectoral, historical-legal, method of interpretation.
Results. The degree of research into the concept of ‘private life’ of a person is insufficient, especially in the field of civil scientific developments. In this regard, the term ‘private life’, studied mainly as a social phenomenon, is characterized by legal uncertainty, which in turn requires further scientific research.
Conclusions. It is established that ‘private life’ is a social concept, which determines its definition mainly not through legal, but through social categories, including spheres of life; it is found out that the intersectoral study of ‘private life’ mainly by representatives of constitutional, criminal and civil law is determined by the objective fact that the inviolability of private life guaranteed at the constitutional level, and protected by diversified norms of law.

Relevance. The article presents the analysis of practical implementation of trade and cooperation agreement between EU and the UK signed on the 30^th of December 2020. It also reflects key aspects of customs regulation, including absence of tariffs and quotas in case of full compliance with the rules of origin. Despite the fact that the agreement was signed two years ago, the aspects of its practical implementation haven’t been studied properly, although the difficulties that both parties face could be taken into account by participants of other integration unions including EEU.
The purpose is to reveal and present further comprehension of the key aspects of trade and cooperation agreement between EU and the UK including trade and services provisions with regard to their practical implementation.
Objectives are to identify and comprehend key provisions of trade and cooperation agreement between EU and the UK; to reveal the difficulties that both parties face regarding practical implementation of some key aspects of the agreement.
Methodology. The study was carried out on the basis of the general scientific method, including methods of analysis and comparison as well as formal-legal and comparison-legal methods.
Results. The results of the research are substantiated with elements of scientific novelty. The author has studied the difficulties arising from practical implementation of the provisions of the agreement.
Conclusion. The author declares that trade and cooperation agreement has formed a strong legal basis for further interaction between the parties despite the difficulties that are to be overcome.

Relevance. The lack of coordinated doctrinal approaches to the definition of the concept of "family entrepreneurship" and taking into account its inherent features leads to the fact that legislative regulation on issues related to family entrepreneurship develops in a non-systematic way, within the framework of individual legislative acts, without taking into account the specifics and gaps of legal regulation. The assessment of the current state of the legal regulation of family entrepreneurship and the trends of its development are the immediate task of researchers who set the vectors of the formation of modern Russian legislation on family business.
The purpose is to identify current trends in the development of legal regulation of family entrepreneurship.
Objectives: determination of the general state of development of family entrepreneurship as a form of business; formation of the concept of "family entrepreneurship"; identification of the main areas of legal regulation of family entrepreneurship.
Methodology. In the research we used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, formal-legal, interpretation of legal norms.
Results. For the successful implementation of family entrepreneurship, it is required at the legislative level to determine the rights and obligations of each participant in family entrepreneurship, as well as the cases, features and conditions of his responsibility for obligations related to the implementation of such activities. It is necessary to adopt a special comprehensive legislative act.
Conclusion. The conclusion that legislative regulation should also take into account the existence of "life cycle" of any family business, because in the process of its existence there can be changes in the composition of its owners and participants, changes in forms of ownership, conditions of management and other characteristics due primarily to events related to family circumstances, including changes in family composition, change of generations, redistribution of functions and role settings of its members, possible change of priorities.

Relevance. Today, there is a significant increase in the number of extremist crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies, which gives rise to an urgent need to develop measures to counter them. However, among researchers there is no consensus on what should be understood as cyberextremism. Very often, too many elements are included in this concept. As a result of such uncertainty, the effectiveness of both the activities of law enforcement agencies directly to prevent such crimes and the development of appropriate preventive measures by the scientific community is reduced.
The purpose is to determine the essence of the concept of "cyberextremism", distinguishing it from other information destructive impact on a person.
Objectives: based on the analysis of the regulatory framework and scientific literature, to determine the key elements that characterize the concept of "cyberextremism" and distinguish it from other forms of information destructive impact on a person in cyberspace.
Methodology. In the course of the work, methods of theoretical research (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, mental modeling) as well as a statistical method were used.
Results. The study proposes a definition of cyber-extremism as a set of extremist acts prohibited by the current legislation, necessarily accompanied by a specific way of committing them, namely, the use of information and telecommunication technologies.
Conclusions. In the course of the analysis of the current legislation and the opinions of researchers on the regulation of extremism, it was found that it should include only acts prohibited by criminal and administrative legislation, for which appropriate liability is established. Any other actions of a destructive nature, from a legal point of view, cannot be attributed to extremism. Based on the analysis of available scientific works devoted to the definition of cybercrime, it was concluded that cyberextremism is a form of committing extremist crimes using information and telecommunication technologies.

Relevance. Currently, the Russian state is actively working to improve criminal legislation. In particular, in connection with the conduct of a special military operation in Ukraine, a number of amendments were adopted to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) for 2022 aimed directly at protecting citizens and the state from new forms of crimes and threats to state security. The existing changes in modern legislation actualize the task of studying the domestic experience of ensuring state security and suppressing crimes that encroach on it. Dmitry Ivanovich Kursky, an outstanding Soviet lawyer, made a huge contribution to the systematization of criminal legislation and the criminal classification of crime.
The purpose of the study is to determine the role and significance of the People's Commissar of Justice D.I. Kursky in the codification of Soviet criminal law.
The objectives are aimed at considering D. I. Kursky's ideas on the formation and codification of the criminal legislation of the RSFSR, the analysis of his legislative activity in the field of criminal law regulation of public relations in the Soviet state.
Methods. To achieve this goal, the article used the universal dialectical method; general scientific methods: synthesis, analysis, deduction, induction, system-structural; private scientific method – historical; special methods: formal-legal, method of interpretation of legal norms, formal-logical.
Results. In the course of the work carried out, the characteristics of D. I. Kursky's scientific and socio-political activities are given, his contribution to the development of legal doctrine and the codification of the criminal legislation of the Soviet state is determined.
Conclusion. The lawmaking of the People's Commissar of Justice and at the same time the first Prosecutor General of the RSFSR served as the basis for the systematization of criminal law norms into a single codified normative legal act (the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1922).

Relevance. The article is devoted to the study of the novel of the domestic criminal law providing for liability for obstruction of medical care (Article 124.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)), which exhausts the relevance of this article.
The purpose is to characterize the place and role of this norm in the system of existing criminal law norms aimed at protecting social relations arising in connection with the implementation of the subjective right to provide medical care.
Objectives: to highlight the norms of the domestic criminal law that protect social relations arising in connection with the realization by a person of the right to medical care; identify common features characteristic of these norms; define the features of art. 124.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a component of such a system of norms.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is made up of general scientific and particular scientific methods of cognition: formal-logical, systemic, comparative-legal.
Results. In the course of the study, an assessment of the current criminal law norms was made for their focus on the protection of public relations that are harmed as a result of violation of the subjective right to medical care. The characteristic of the place and role of Article 124.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the system of these norms is given.
Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the subjective right to medical care, despite its constitutional guarantee, is not itself protected by the domestic criminal law, the relevant norms are aimed at protecting the life and health of the patient who is harmed as a result of violation of such a right. The composition of the crime, enshrined in the provisions of art. 124.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which is part of the system of these norms, has its own fundamental features.

Relevance. In this article, an attempt is made to consider the problematic issues of the implementation of the directions of the penal enforcement policy to improve the regulatory and legal regulation of the penal enforcement system of the Russian Federation in the absence of a unified scientific approach to determining the content of the concept of penitentiary crime, and a comparative analysis of the main approaches to understanding the nature of penitentiary crime is carried out. The peculiarity of the presented research is to clarify with the help of the concept of penitentiary criminality the processes of ongoing changes in the penal system. The author proposes a new definition of penitentiary crime – based on an assessment of the current criminogenic situation in places of serving sentences. The purpose – to develop a model of a unified approach to understanding the definition of "penitentiary crime".
Objectives. On the basis of the materials of criminological research, as well as criminal law practice, to formulate a definition of "penitentiary crime", which, in turn, would correspond to the current criminogenic situation in the penal system.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, on the basis of which an attempt was made to formulate a single concept of penitentiary crime.
Results. A new definition of penitentiary crime is proposed – based on an assessment of the current criminogenic situation in places of serving sentences.
Conclusin. Penitentiary criminality is a set of acts aimed at violating the regime of detention in penal institutions by persons associated with territorial restriction of freedom of movement and conviction by a court, as well as with criminal acts of persons who should protect this regime.

Relevance. Currently, Russian society is experiencing problems associated with an increase in the risk of fraud committed in the field of purchase and sale of vehicles. The high prevalence of vehicles in the Russian consumer market leads to an increase in the interest of criminal groups in this segment of the market economy. The specifics of the trade in vehicles (significant turnover, high cost and potential criminal profit from the sale) determines the attractiveness of this area for fraud, the features of its methods. An effective way to combat motor vehicle fraud is its prevention, where an important role belongs to bringing information about the specifics and methods of its commission to persons involved in the sale of vehicles.
The purpose of the study is to systematize and deepen knowledge about the features and measures to prevent fraud associated with the sale of vehicles.
Objectives: to study common ways of committing fraud, the subject of which are vehicles; analysis of the features of its species; development of recommendations on victimological prevention of this type of fraud.
Methodology. In the process of work, methods of analysis, synthesis, technical-legal, system-structural and formal-logical methods were used.
The results of the study are theoretical and applied in nature, the social danger and characteristics of fraud methods are highlighted, and measures to prevent motor vehicle fraud are proposed.
Conclusion. Based on the results obtained on the methods and features of committing fraud related to the sale of vehicles, directions for using this information in preventing its commission are proposed.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to integrate the past of Orthodox culture into the general context of the social and cultural history of the USSR, as well as the importance of historiographical understanding of the role of the confessional component in the structure of late Soviet life.
The purpose of the research is to characterize the influence of confessional traditions on the way of life of citizens from the traditionally Orthodox regions of the late USSR.
Objectives: to find out the most common ways of introducing an "ordinary" Soviet citizen to the Orthodox culture, to describe the individual mechanisms of the influence of this culture on everyday life in the traditionally Orthodox regions of the country, to assess the impact of intergenerational ties on the success of reproducing confessionaloriented patterns of behavior of citizens in the late Soviet period.
Methods. During the formation of the empirical base of the paper the author used traditional methods of archival work as well as methods of field research - questionnaires, interviews. To systematize the data, the method of historical induction, historical-statistical, historical-genetic methods were used.
Results. The paper shows that despite the formally irreligious nature of the way of life of the most citizens in the late USSR, in fact, phenomena associated with Orthodox culture remained in it. The average Soviet citizen encountered traditional rites of passage, saw icons and was periodically forced to take into account the peculiarities of the church calendar as well as the traditions of Orthodox fasting. The norms of commemoration of the dead, widespread in the late Soviet period, were also largely of a national Orthodox nature.
Conclusions. The paper concludes that the presence of certain elements of Orthodox culture in the family life of the late Soviet period was more a norm than an anomaly. At the same time, the strength of intergenerational ties and the high authority of older family members increased the chances of familiarity with the images of Orthodoxy among young people. The presence of confessional customs and attributes of faith in the living space of "nonreligious" people allowed them to preserve their ideas about the Orthodox way of life, which created prerequisites for potential church formation.

Relevance. This article is an attempt to analyze the influence of I.P. Ogryzko to the excise business. This problem is relevant for getting to know the heroes and anti-heroes of the wine reform of 1863, for understanding the complexity of implementation in relation to drinking reforms. The purpose is to assess the nature of the influence of the revolutionary activities of I.P. Ogryzko on the fate of the wine reform of 1863
Objectives the goal set determined the solution of the following tasks: 1) to establish the place of Ogryzko in the excise business; 2) find out the essence of Ogrytsko's anti-government actions; 3) evaluate the consequences of the revolutionary involvement of the Vice-Director of the Department of Miscellaneous Taxes and Dues for the wine reform of 1863.
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. The author, in addition, used the method of personal biographical analysis, as well as genetic and structural methods.
Results. Revolutionary involvement of I.P. Ogryzko, though not the most outstanding, but not an ordinary figure in the Polish uprising of 1863, demonstrated the fragility of the “fragility” of the excise reform in Russia. The post of vice-director of the Department of non-salary fees made it possible to talk about I.P. Ogryzko as one of the organizers of the excise business in Russia. He managed to combine his legal excise activities with energetic antigovernment activities and act as the head of the entire Polish underground in St. Petersburg.
Conclusion. The revolutionary involvement of the Vice-Director of the Department of Miscellaneous Taxes and Duties cast a shadow over the excise business, caused violent public condemnation, the anger of the tsar, which, in the end, almost stopped the transition from farming to an excise system of levying a tax on drinks.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the role of healthcare in the life of modern society, and is also determined by the place and importance of medicine in ensuring the dynamic development of Russia. Appeal to the Soviet experience in the development of the country in the field of healthcare will allow us to take into account the accumulated experience at the present stage.
The purpose of the article is to analyze materials on the issue of implementing the task of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU to further improve the healthcare system on the example of the Orenburg region and the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Objectives: to determine, based on archival documents, how the construction of specialized medical institutions was carried out, as well as how the regions were provided with medical institutions; consider the availability of qualified specialists and material and technical base for rendering specialized assistance in the South Urals; to analyze the degree of development of health care during the period of «stagnation» in the South Urals.
Methodology. The work used historical-typological and comparative-historical methods.
Results. During the period under review, all the main types of medical support for citizens were developed, which to this day continue to be formed in the new Russia, without deviating from the important, positive principles laid down by the former state legislation on social security.
Conclusion. The author concluded that in the Southern Urals, despite the fact that there was a backlog in the implementation of the plan for the construction of health care institutions, there were areas where this plan was overfulfilled. It is shown that in the period from 1965 to 1985 in the territory under consideration there was an increase in the total number of doctors, however, in the regions there was still a lack of medical personnel, and in the material and technical terms, in the period 1965-1970, the improvement of hospitals with modern medical and diagnostic equipment began.

The relevance of the work lies in the need to develop the most optimal model for providing food and essential goods to employees of institutions and organizations with special working conditions. The traveling nature of the work of railway workers with a sliding schedule of functional duties requires the creation of additional guarantees of their social security. Generalization of the experience of the organization of departmental trade in historical retrospect makes it possible to solve the emerging organizational problems of our time. The undeveloped nature of this topic in scientific terms makes it possible to fill in the gaps in the reflection of the socio-economic history of Russia and the region in one of its most controversial periods – the first half of the twentieth century.
The purpose of the study is to reveal the specifics of the organization of specialized trade services for transport workers at the Kursk railway junction in the 1930s on the basis of archival sources.
Tasks: to identify and study the materials of regional and departmental archives about the departments of labor supply; to note the role of party and trade union organizations in the trade service of transport workers; to determine the specifics of the supply of railway workers with food and industrial goods.
Methodology. During the research, the authors adhered to the key principles of historical science – objectivity and historicism.
Results. Generalization of the experience of organizing departmental trade to serve the daily needs of railway workers in the 1930s. It is proved that the transition from cooperative to centralized trade has become an effective measure to improve the supply of railway workers.
Conclusions. The activities of the work supply departments contributed to the timely and high-quality satisfaction of the needs of railway workers, but required control and additional support. Trade union organizations of transport provided assistance to ORS and their subsidiary farms, controlled the timely and correct use of goods. To a large extent, the increase in trade volumes was due to self-procurement and the purchase of goods in excess of the plan.

The relevance of studying the dynamics of the network of educational institutions and the contingent of students of the system of state labor reserves of the Chkalov region in the first post-war years has practical and scientific and cognitive significance, since the study of this topic reveals the regional aspect of the development of the vocational education system, the main purpose of which was the massive provision of the national economy of the USSR with qualified workers in the hardest period of recovery and development of the country after graduation total war.
The purpose of the study is to study the dynamics of the network of educational institutions and the contingent of students of the system of state labor reserves of the Chkalov region in the first post-war years as a scientific problem.
The objectives follow from the stated purpose of the study and consist in a systematic analysis of the dynamics of the network of educational institutions and the contingent of students of the system of state labor reserves of the Chkalov region in the first post-war years.
The methodology of the presented work is based on following the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. In addition, special historical methods were used: historical-comparative, historical-legal.
Results. In the first post-war years, the system of state labor reserves became one of the main mechanisms for replenishing the working class of the USSR, the graduation of young workers from colleges and schools of the Federal Law had state significance.
Conclusion. During the first post-war years, the network of educational institutions and the contingent of students of the system of state labor reserves of the Chkalov region had positive dynamics. The total number of colleges and schools of the Federal Law increased significantly, during the total number of students seriously increased from 7,564 people to 11,623 people. First of all, there was an increase in the number of schools of the Federal Law, since this type of educational institution was designed for mass training of young workers in a relatively short time – 6 months. The distribution of colleges and schools of the Federal Law on the territory of the Chkalov region was based on their location of the base enterprise for educational institutions. In total, in 1945-1947, 18,093 young workers were eleased by labor reserves to enterprises and construction sites of the Chkalov region.

The relevance of the article stems from the importance of studying the tasks of the instructor’s apparatus in the system of education in Russia 1919-1921. which have not been examined in sufficient depth. The author’s coverage of the problem was based on the materials of the State Archive of the Kursk region, which allowed, on the one hand, to highlight the national tasks, on the other, to consider those that were solved at the regional level. In addition to the theoretical significance, the article is relevant from a practical point of view, since the reform of the education system in Russia is ongoing, and the experience of the instructor’s apparatus centuries ago can be used creatively.
The article is purpose at determining the tasks by the instructor’s apparatus of schools in 1919 - 1921 in Russia on the example of the Kursk province.
The objectives of the study are defined by the goal and are to: to determine the features of the training staff of schools in the first years of the Soviet power; to analyze tasks assigned to the instructors; to allocate national and "local" train the trainer areas.
The methodology of the article is based on the principles of historism, objectivity and system, due to which the tasks of the instructor’s apparatus in the system of education in Russia 1919-1921 got their own voluminous, deep lighting.
Result. After the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, a new system of education is formed. The instructions and directives of the new authorities required extensive outreach by the instructor. The activity of the instructors was ideological, providing the state authority with the introduction of the principles of building socialism.
Conclusions. The study showed that the instructor’s peculiarity was his supervisory system of education activities. The instructors supervised the work of all educational institutions in Russia, in addition to the instructors' task was educational work aimed at the establishment of a socialist school, deepening of labor education, Inclusion of the younger generation in the building of a just socialist society. In the Kursk Governorate, which was a typical territory of Central Russia, instructors solved the above-mentioned tasks, in most cases they acted according to instructions issued from above, few of the instructors showed initiative. The instructor assigned to each county carried out the tasks of organizing Soviet education in accordance with the normative documents of the state authority. Interference in the teaching process by instructors often stifled the initiative of creative teachers and prevented students from realizing their full potential.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in Russian historiography the issues of the influence of the Nazi occupation on the level of mechanization of agriculture in the Leningrad Region are rather poorly covered. The works of historians on this topic are mainly of a generalizing and non-specific nature and are dedicated, as a rule, to the entire Soviet Union, and not to individual regions of the country.
Purpose. To analyze the influence of the Nazi occupation on the level of mechanization of agriculture in the Leningrad village.
Objectives. Consider the causes, trends and level of change in the material and technical base of agriculture in the Leningrad village and assess the essence and results of this process.
Methodology. The work was based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, historicalcomparative, statistical, structural, logical and problem-chronological methods were used.
Results. The Nazi occupation had a sharp negative impact on the level of mechanization of agriculture in the Leningrad Region. Both the areas of the region that were occupied and the areas that were not occupied suffered. Part of the agricultural machinery was stolen by the Germans as trophies, part was destroyed during the retreat, and the remaining equipment for the most part required major or partial repairs, or was not subject to restoration at all. The agricultural machines that survived in the Leningrad region were heavily worn pre-war models that went out of production in the late 1930s. To a large extent, the low quality of agricultural machinery was also facilitated by the fact that a significant part of the machine operators went to the front, and inexperienced workers who did not know how to properly handle agricultural machinery came in their place.
Conclusion. During the war, the Leningrad village lost a huge amount of agricultural machinery, as well as the necessary sites for its maintenance and repair. The areas of the region that are under occupation suffered the most. An equally difficult fate befell the unoccupied areas. They were forced to transfer part of the equipment to the front, while the other part, due to the lack of spare parts or experienced personnel, stood idle and fell into disrepair.

Relevance. Scientific interest in the history of military art, strategy and tactics of warfare has always existed. With the emergence of states, global and local world crises often led to wars and armed conflicts. Along with the technologization of all spheres of human life, the improvement of systems, means and methods of armed struggle, the art of war, the strategy and tactics of warfare have also been transformed. It is in history that we find a lot of examples of the dialogue between the cultures of Eastern, Western, GrecoRoman and other civilizations that could coexist peacefully without wars and conflicts. At the same time, the interests of national security require an active scientific search for new means and tools to ensure it.
The purpose – on the basis of scientific analysis, conduct an excursion into the history of military art, strategy and tactics of warfare and determine their evolution in the contours of the future.
Objectives: to reveal the logic of modern thinking in the field of military art and strategy of war; to present the main directions of development of tactics of warfare; identify the main features of modern warfare.
Methodology. Historical, dialectical and sociocultural approaches to understanding the phenomenon of military art, based on the idea of the general interconnection of all phenomena and processes of the surrounding world, form the basis of research procedures.
Results. The historiography of military art confirms the validity of the arguments of the scientific community that it is based on centuries-old traditions and the cultural matrix of the people, penetrating all spheres of activity of the military organization of society. The fierce confrontation of modern civilizations for cultural, technological, and economic dominance leads to new non-linear "rules" of warfare.
Conclusions. Any army in the world, when developing a strategy and tactics of warfare, absorbs all the achievements of the culture of the nation that forms it.

Relevance. Until recently, in the Russian Federation, the interests of the development of urban electric transport were on the periphery of both federal and local government bodies. At the same time, there was a steady and continuous growth of cities with the emergence of new vast areas. To solve the problem of transport accessibility, the connection of new residential areas with the main city highways, it was necessary to modernize the transport system of cities and integrate the most suitable modes of transport into it to meet the needs of citizens in passenger transportation. Existing public transport systems based on small and medium-sized vehicles are unable to cope with the new emerging challenges. One of the ways to solve the problem is the development of urban electric transport, which is also reflected in the federal program of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation "Modernization of passenger transport in urban agglomerations". In this regard, the generalization of the experience of the functioning of urban transport in previous periods of history is very relevant.
The purpose is to reveal the specifics of the development of urban electric transport in the cities of the Central Black Earth Region in the period from 1938 to 1941.
Objectives: based on the analysis of materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, local archives and relevant literature, to identify general trends and features of the development of urban electric transport in the cities of the Central Black Earth Region.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the basic principles of historical science were used: historicism, objectivity and consistency. In the course of writing the article, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical method) and special historical methods were applied: retrospective, comparative historical.
Results. Based on the analysis of literature and archival materials, the general principles and directions for the development of tram facilities in the cities of the Central Black Earth Region were identified, and the results of the implementation of the planned work before the start of the Great Patriotic War were analyzed.
Conclusion. Despite a number of separate works devoted to the tram facilities of the cities of the Central Chernozem region, there are no studies that summarize their development on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, highlighting their characteristic aspects and features, as well as the general relationship between their development and the development of tram facilities in the RSFSR as a whole.