Relevance. The study is devoted to the unification of measures for the removal of illegal or unwanted migrants that are similar in content but have different legal significance. The problem is actualized by the instruction of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 6, 2020 No. Pr-469 on unification of rules, elimination of gaps in legal regulation and development of a unified algorithm of actions for the organization of expulsion of these persons from the Russian Federation; introduction of a new legal regime of expulsion designed to solve these tasks.

The purpose is to scientifically develop the conceptual foundations for the removal of foreign citizens from the Russian Federation as a prerequisite for the systemic transformation of deportation, readmission, administrative expulsion of foreign citizens from the Russian Federation and other similar measures in the context of the relationship with the regime of expulsion.

Objectives: to assess the innovation of the expulsion regime for compliance with modern needs for the unification and systematization of existing measures for the removal of foreign citizens from the Russian Federation; to identify regulatory material to be consolidated; to substantiate the legal nature of these measures, compare them in order to determine the scope of unification, technical and legal problems of their regulatory design; systematization of the conceptual and categorical apparatus.

The research methodology includes dialectical, comparative-legal, formal-logical, systematic, documentary methods, analysis, synthesis. The results are theoretical and applied. The expulsion regime was subjected to a critical analysis; the existing measures of eventual and real coercion to remove illegal or unwanted migrants from the Russian Federation were reviewed; proposals for systematization and unification of these measures were developed and scientifically substantiated.

Conclusions. The new expulsion regime does not solve the problem posed by the President of the Russian Federation, in fact, it boils down to creating a register of controlled persons "who are in the Russian Federation and do not have legal grounds to stay (reside) in the Russian Federation." This blurs the concept of "expulsion" and contradicts its essence. The authors have formulated the conceptual framework for the unification of relevant measures under the new expulsion regime, eliminating existing gaps and contradictions.

Relevance. The issues of preservation and protection of Russian traditional values are becoming particularly relevant in connection with the growing cultural and civilizational confrontation between Russia and the United States of America and its allies. The relevance of the topic is also conditioned by the return of the Russian society to traditional values, including religious values, insufficient study of the relationship and interaction of law and religion as value-normative phenomena through the prism of church law.

Purpose is to identify the relationship of traditional values with Russian secular law and church law of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).

Objectives: to characterize traditional values as a social phenomenon and the object of legal research; to identify the importance of Orthodoxy as a factor determining the legal tradition; to determine the specifics of the relationship between the state and the Russian Orthodox Church at the present stage; to establish the relationship between canonical and church law, the law of the secular (secular) state; to determine the facets of the correlation of traditional values with Russian secular law and church law of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) in the course of the evolution of the legal tradition of Russia.

Methodology is represented by theoretical approaches formed within the framework of the theory of state and law, axiology of law, legal culturology, church law, including methods of analysis, comparativistics, reconstruction of ideas and theories, logical, historical, theological, formal-juridical, etc.

Results. The results are of theoretical and applied nature and consist in a summarized view of the correlation of canon law, church law of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) with secular law, the relationship of traditional values with Russian secular law and church law of the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).

Conclusions. The interaction between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian state in the concretehistorical period determines the influence of the religious component of traditional values. The ecclesiastical law of the Russian Orthodox Church, having in its basis the canon law and functionally connected with the law of the state in the concrete-historical period, affects the transformation of traditional values, their preservation and protection.

Relevance. This article provides an overview of scientific approaches to the definition of the legal process in general and the constituent process in particular. Attention is drawn to the fact that, despite the solid scientific background, the problems of establishing the essential and substantive characteristics of the legal process, as well as the definition of its concept, have not yet been resolved; the discussion on these issues continues.

The purpose is to form a holistic scientific understanding of the legal process. Objectives: to analyze approaches to the definition of a legal process; to identify its features; to define the concept and consider the grounds for classifying a legal process.

Methodology. A system-activity approach was applied to the definition of the concept and essence of the legal process, which made it possible to reveal it as a complex dynamic functionally active phenomenon consisting of interacting elements, integrating them with appropriate goals, means and results in correlation with effectiveness.

Results. It is proposed to distinguish between jurisdictional processes related exclusively to legal proceedings and other, positive, but also legal processes that mediate legal activity in all its varieties. The classification of the legal process is substantiated, which is based on the subject-functional feature and the orientation of the non-regulatory impact of a particular sphere of public relations. According to this criterion, the constituent legal process, law-making and law enforcement are distinguished.

Conclusion. The conducted research makes it possible to define the legal process as a specific legal education as part of the normatively established, procedural, and professional activities of authorized subjects aimed at the successful implementation of the goals of legal activity in order to obtain a socially significant result that meets the needs and interests of the individual, society, and the state. The proposed conclusions will to a certain extent contribute to the further development of the theory of the legal process, a scientific category that is in full demand by science and practice.

Relevance. The relevance of this study is due to the intensification of anti-Russian rhetoric by the Moldovan authorities and the formation of the image of Russia as an aggressor and invader of part of the territory of the Moldavian Principality called Bessarabia during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812. This formulation is also contained in official regulatory legal acts. This approach is intended to form a legal justification for the need to reunite modern Moldova, as part of the former Bessarabia, with Romania, which included the Principality of Moldova in the 19th century.

The purpose of the study is to form scientifically based conclusions refuting these claims about the occupation of Bessarabia in 1812.

The objectives of the research are to provide a historical and legal analysis of Russian-Turkish relations prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the role of other states that influenced the course of the war, the negotiation process, and an explanation of the meaning of the norms and provisions of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812. To solve these problems, the scientific works of Russian, Moldovan and Romanian researchers, collections of historical documents and materials, and regulatory legal acts have been studied.

Methodology. The research uses general scientific research methods – systematic, logical, analysis and synthesis, comparative, historical, interpretation.

Results. In the course of the research, the results were obtained, proving that, according to the terms of the peace treaty of 1812, the Ottoman Empire ceded and gave Russia the territories that the Principality of Moldavia ceded to Turkey more than three hundred years ago. And, even earlier, these territories belonged to Kievan Rus.

Conclusion. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that, as a result of the victorious war, Russia regained the territories that had previously belonged to it.

Relevance. The right of the public to enter a courtroom is as old and ancient a legal institution as the trial itself. A closed court is not fully a “court” in its true historical and legal content. In general, the development of state legal institutions both in Russia and in foreign countries followed the path of publicity in the administration of justice, although there were periods during which instead of “justice” there was “retribution” in a regime closed from society. These circumstances pose new research challenges for legal science.

The purpose of this study is to attempt the author’s interpretation of the principles of transparency, publicity and open court at the present stage of the state and legal genesis of Russia.

Objectives. To reveal the intent of this article, the following tasks were set and solved: to determine the characteristics of the concepts of “publicity”, “publicity”, “openness”; identify their relationship with the constitutional functions and social purpose of justice.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study includes general and special methods and techniques that have been developed and tested by modern legal science: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, dialectical approach.

Results. This study allows us to substantiate the point of view that the state and law only during the latest stages of the country’s history demonstrate a significant inclination towards transparency, publicity and openness, public involvement in public legal activities and support of partnerships between government and society.

Conclusion. An open court session presupposes the right to be present and observe what is happening in the courtroom for a wide range of people, with exceptions and exceptions that can only be established by law, which must comply with the criteria of Part 3 of Art. 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and can be verified by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation based on complaints from citizens and requests from government bodies.

Relevance. This article explores the key elements of legal regulation concerning citizens' linguistic rights in contemporary Russia. It focuses on analyzing current laws designed to safeguard these rights, including those outlined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This study investigates the practical norms implemented to regulate language rights in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The significance of safeguarding human rights and preserving social stability in a multicultural society is highlighted.

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze legal documents and study the linguistic rights of the peoples of Russia, with special attention to constitutional guarantees, federal and regional legislation, as well as the practical implementation of these rights in a multinational environment.

Objectives: to analyze the Constitutions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan, federal and regional laws that regulate linguistic rights, and also to analyze existing problems in the field of protecting linguistic rights.

Methodology. The study used a combination of methods, such as: the general scientific method of studying legal phenomena and processes, formal-legal and formal-logical methods.

Results. The study examined the main aspects of the protection of linguistic rights in constitutional law by analyzing existing regulatory documents.

Conclusion. Language is the foundation of social interactions and cultural heritage, playing a key role in maintaining statehood and political institutions. It promotes social unity and the development of social ties, which necessitates constitutional protection of linguistic relations to ensure their stability and progress.

Relevance. The function of prosecutorial supervision over the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms has not received a succinct and concise resolution in legislation or in theoretical and methodological developments. The relevance of this study is due to the need for a comparative analysis of the powers of the prosecutor’s office and a number of other structural units of the state apparatus, whose competence includes the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms.

The purpose. This study is an attempt by the author to systematize the powers and functions of the prosecutor’s office in the field of implementation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Objectives. The stated goal involves solving a number of research problems, including studying the content of theory, legislation and law enforcement practice in the field of prosecutorial humanitarian supervision.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study includes general and special methods and techniques that have been developed and tested by modern legal science: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, dialectical approach.

Results. The author proves that the balance and internal consistency of the system of state protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is guaranteed mainly due to the constitutional principles of non-departmental and intersectoral nature of prosecutorial supervision.

Conclusion. The effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision over the observance of citizens' rights is facilitated by: the prosecutor's non-interference in the operational and economic activities of supervised persons, the inadmissibility of interference by the prosecutor's office in the competence of other government bodies and officials, the discretion of the prosecutor's office in choosing the means of prosecutorial response depending on the prevailing circumstances and the legal content of the applicant's case.

Relevance. In modern conditions, the most important, priority areas of state activity should include ensuring and protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, developing and implementing the relevant legal forms and mechanisms for this purpose. There is no doubt that the right to appeal to state bodies, their officials, and, where appropriate, to interstate organizations, is one of the most important, fundamental rights of man and citizen.

The purpose of the study is to consider such citizen appeals as: proposals set out in written or oral form; applications (petitions); complaints.

Objectives: to study the stage of initiating proceedings on a citizen's appeal; to analyze the stage of considering a citizen's appeal, making a decision on it; to study the stage of appeal, protesting the decision on a citizen's appeal; to consider the stage of implementing the decision made on a citizen's appeal.

Methodology. The scientific research was implemented using complex methods of general scientific dialectical cognition of legal regulation; systems approach; logical-semantic method; historical-legal method; formal-logical and sociological methods of scientific research; comparative-legal method; system-structural method; sociological method.

Research results. The solution to the problem of organizing work with citizens' appeals helps to productively identify the opinions and moods of society, positive and negative trends in the implementation of their competence in the administrative process by public authorities, to provide information resources and effective functioning of government bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations.

Conclusion. It is proposed to amend the federal law «On the procedure for considering appeals of citizens of the Russian Federation»: 1) to consolidate the term «notification» along with the concept of «proposal»; 2) to add to the concept of «application» to a citizen's request for assistance in the implementation of his constitutional rights, freedoms and compliance with his duties; 3) to fix the «Tasks of proceedings on citizens' appeals» in a separate article.

Relevance. The effectiveness of the national security system is determined by a clear understanding of its structural and functional elements. Management and other activities in the sphere of ensuring national security must be carried out on an appropriate theoretical and methodological basis, which requires defining the content of such key categories as “national values” and “national interests” and their delineation. The significance of the problem of defining and perceiving national values as a fundamental basis for ensuring national security and public administration in this area is determined by the fact that they directly affect the formation and development, existence of a person, society, state, and the loss (degradation) or rejection of the value component results in the loss of national identity and unity of society and the legitimacy of the state in the domestic and foreign spheres.

Purpose. Definition of the content and formulation of the concept of national values as a fundamental category in the sphere of national security.

Objectives: to analyze doctrinal and normative approaches to defining the essence and content of the category of “national values”, to determine its place in the national security system and its relationship with the category of “national interests”.

Methodology. In preparing the work, the methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, general scientific (logical) techniques, systemic and value (axiological) approaches were used.

Results. The essence and content of the category of “national values” as a system-forming element of national security have been established, which determines the organization of public administration in this area based on a value-oriented approach; its relationship with the category of “national interests” has been determined.

Conclusion. National values form the basis of national identity and serve as a guide for the long-term development of society. Fundamental national values are enshrined in the preamble of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; their affirmation (recognition and observance) and protection determine the conceptual basis for ensuring Russia's national security. National values form the semantic space for formulating national interests and are a key factor in choosing a strategy for their implementation.

Relevance. Judicial interpretation plays an important role in clarifying and clarifying the content and meaning of civil legislation. The high-quality interpretation of civil law acts by judicial authorities enhances judicial protection of subjective civil rights and legitimate interests. In the theory of law and civil law, there is no consensus on the designated method of scientific and legal cognition.

Purpose: to find out the features, purpose and content of judicial interpretation, to justify the author's proposals for its further improvement.

Research objectives: to define the concept, content and features of judicial interpretation, to analyze its relationship with other methods of scientific and legal cognition, with official, normative and casual methods of interpretation (clarification, clarification), to find out the importance of philosophical hermeneutics of the legal positions of the highest judicial authorities for judicial interpretation, to give a legal assessment of the legal, logical, systematic and normative methods of judicial interpretation; to understand the role of generalizations of judicial practice in the knowledge of normative legal material.

Methodology. The research uses universal (philosophical), general scientific (logical) and special methods of civil knowledge.

Results. Judicial interpretation is one of the types of official, delegated, specially professional, general and (or) causal clarification and clarification of the content and meaning of the normative legal acts applied by the court. Judicial interpretation is based on dialectics, materialism, historicism, formal logic, legislative delegation, comparative jurisprudence, and a systematic approach.

Conclusion. Judicial interpretation is an important method in the system of civil methodology. It seems unreasonable to classify judicial interpretation into legal, logical, systematic, grammatical, since all types of official and unofficial interpretation are legal (permitted by law) and are based on formal logic, general scientific (logical) methods of scientific and legal cognition. A "literal" rather than a "grammatical" interpretation is more acceptable. In the situation under study, the term "systematic interpretation" is also not appropriate, since interpretation takes into account the systematic method of scientific research.

Relevance. Today, the Caspian region has a fairly high potential in terms of legal and economic development, not only for the Russian Federation, but also for other states that are part of its geographical location. The issues of the necessity and specifics of concluding business agreements and an agreement between these states are quite difficult due to the presence of a very large number of different kinds of legal, economic, social and political characteristics of each State, which have a direct impact on the possibility of concluding an appropriate agreement.

The purpose of this study is to determine the widest range of various circumstances that affect the process of concluding business contracts and agreements between the states of the Caspian region.

Objectives. The main objectives are to determine the development characteristics of the states of this region, to determine the characteristics of the region itself, and to identify those factors that can directly or indirectly influence, both positively and negatively, the possibility of concluding relevant agreements. Methodology. The following methods were used in this study: the general scientific method, the formal legal method, and the comparative law method, which was most relevant due to the need to compare the legal systems of a number of state entities.

Results. This study is of an economic and legal nature, which is expressed in the consideration of the features of the Caspian region, states that have a geographical affiliation to it, as well as the impact of these features on the conclusion of business contracts and agreements within the region.

Conclusion. To date, the specifics of concluding business agreements and contracts in the Caspian region are determined solely by the specific features of the geographical development of the region itself.

The relevance of the article is determined by the scientific analysis of the bill submitted to the State Duma of Russia on the introduction of criminal liability for the use of personality substitution technology for criminal purposes.

The purpose of the study is to formulate the grounds for a critical assessment of the projected criminal law prohibition for the gaps in it.

Objectives: to subject the legislative initiative to scientific understanding; identify in the draft law under discussion shortcomings of a substantive and technical-legal nature in the design of norms endowed with a new qualifying feature; formulate an original model of criminal liability for acts committed using deepfake technology to effectively counter them.

Methodology. The research methodology is represented by general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition of objective reality. Among them are methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, as well as system-analytical, formal-legal, formal-logical methods and a method of interpreting legal norms.

The results of the study are applied in nature and include the development of recommendations for the law enforcer regarding the revision of the draft norms. An additional result of the study was the systematization of the composition of crimes, the means of which can be the technology of digital cloning of a person's appearance and voice. The author proves the inexpediency of endowing with a qualifying feature of individual corpus delicti, as suggested by the Duma members, and gives arguments in favor of formulating a universal aggravating circumstance with its addition in Art. 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Conclusion. The innovations proposed by the creators contain a number of significant flaws. To eliminate them, the conclusions formulated in this work may be in demand. Taking into account the pace of development of artificial intelligence, when cybercriminals have mastered the most advanced technologies for creating digital twins, faking biometric data, it can be assumed that the criminal law reaction of the legislator to new ways of committing crimes using deepfake technology will be belated. The author's model of criminal legal means of influence in relation to encroachments committed through personality substitution seems to be more verified and promising.

Relevance. Since the formation of a closed community of professional criminals in pre-revolutionary Russia, the “market” of criminal “services” began to actively develop in the criminal environment, among which a special place was occupied by “services” for the resale (purchase and sale) of property obtained by criminal means. This type of criminal fishing has retained its importance in the structure of professional crime to the present time, which determines the relevance of the study of the evolution of legal measures to counteract the fishing of these persons in historical retrospect to determine effective ways to combat such socially dangerous activities in modern realities.

The purpose of the study is to determine the criminal legal basis for countering the fishing of domestic professional buyers of criminally obtained property in historical retrospect and formulate proposals for the modernization of modern legal measures to counteract the fishing of these persons.

Objectives: to analyze the formation and development of the legal foundations for countering the fishing of professional buyers of criminally obtained property at different stages of the evolution of the Russian state; to identify modern criminal legal measures to combat the fishing of professional buyers of criminally obtained property in Russia; to assess the possibility of modernizing the current criminal legislation in order to counter the activities of professional buyers of property, obtained by criminal means.

Methodology. The following methods of scientific cognition were used in the study: historical-legal, comparative-legal, method of analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematization.

The results of the study. It is determined that the origin and development of the trade of professional buyers of property obtained by criminal means in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia was reflected in the criminal legislation in force during this period. Even in the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845, increased responsibility for the acquisition and sale of stolen property in the form of fishing was recorded. In the future, there was a modernization of criminal law measures to counteract this criminal trade with tougher penalties.

Conclusion. Today, there is an objective need to toughen the punishment for engaging in the criminal trade in question on a professional basis. To this end, it is proposed to supplement Article 175 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with an appropriate qualifying feature.

Relevance. The introduction into the criminal law as an aggravating circumstance and a qualifying feature for certain types of crimes related to the commission of a crime involving public demonstration, including in the media or information and telecommunications networks (including the Internet), is an important, albeit somewhat delayed step by the legislator in countering trash streams, annually increasingly gaining popularity on the web.

The purpose of the study is to establish criteria for the term "demonstration" that have criminal legal significance, as well as a criminal legal assessment of the actions of all those involved in a crime accompanied by a public demonstration in the media or information and telecommunications networks.

Objectives: to determine the legal content of the wrong concept of "trash stream"; to establish signs of demonstration; to give a criminal legal assessment of the actions of all participants in trash streams.

The methodology is based on general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, as well as formal logic and interpretation methods.

The results of the study show that increasing responsibility for the co-commission of a crime accompanied by a public demonstration, including in the media or information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet) is a timely decision by the legislator. The legal features of destructive content and the term "demonstration", which have a criminal legal meaning, are identified. An algorithm is proposed for the criminal assessment of the actions of all those involved in the commission of a crime, accompanied by a demonstration in the media or information and telecommunication networks.

Conclusions. The authors propose to understand trash streams as a demonstration of not only criminal, but also immoral or humiliating actions against another person. The demonstration assumes the possibility of transmitting data without the possibility of subsequent use, i.e. only online or performing actions in the presence of an indefinite circle of people. The person committing the violent act and the person making the video are co-executors. The idea of the need to introduce an independent criminal tort against those persons who view destructive content, expressing approval or paying for the conduct of this "spectacle" is expressed.

Relevance. The importance of this study is determined by the need for continuous analysis of the criminogenic danger accompanying migration flows; the study of general social, group and individual aspects of migration, as well as the characteristics of migrants arriving in Russia for various reasons and the need to systematize criminal threats and risks.

Purpose: a reassessment of the risks associated with criminal activity in migration flows is necessary to improve strategies to combat crime in this area and to develop clear criteria for classifying the identity of a criminal migrant.

Objectives: obtaining objective data on the dynamics and proportion of migration crime; studying and determining the dangers inherent in migration flows, as well as the directions of their evolution; identifying factors influencing the state of migration and personal characteristics of migrants that generate criminal risks in the Russian Federation, systematizing and analyzing the information obtained and formulating the conclusions of the study.

Methodology. In studying the research problem, general and specific methods of cognition were used: dialectical, statistical methods, comparative analysis method, synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural, sociological and content analysis.

Results. The features of modern migration, migrant behavior and their impact on the emergence of criminal and other risks and threats in Russia are analyzed, the factors influencing the commission of crimes by foreign citizens and stateless persons are detailed, as well as the possibilities of influencing the behavior of migrants by modern legislation and law enforcement; certain conclusions are made.

Conclusions. The results of this study contribute to a deeper scientific understanding of the mechanisms of influence of migrant behavioral characteristics on their individual criminal behavior and the deformation of this person's behavior, on the occurrence of criminal risks and crimes in modern Russia because of this. The paper substantiates that migrant behavioral characteristics can be transformed into various kinds of social risks that threaten Russian citizens, their personality, health, inviolability of freedoms, property, public safety and public order. The considered behavioral characteristics of migrants, under certain conditions, are a trigger mechanism for the processes of risk creation and the commission of crimes by them, which predetermines one of the directions of crime prevention in the migration sphere.

Relevance. Presidential elections in the Republic of Benin are scheduled for April 2026. Against this background, certain institutional adjustments took place. Back in 2018, a new legal institution emerged – the Repressive Economic Crimes and Terrorism Court CRIET. And on March 15, 2024, a new electoral code was adopted, amending and supplementing the electoral code of November 15, 2019.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the political content of the electoral reform in the modern Republic of Benin.

Research objectives: to analyze the formation and development of the political and electoral systems of the Republic of Benin from the moment of independence to the present day; to study of the political and legal support for the reform of the electoral system of the Republic of Benin; to determine the significance of the newly formed judicial body "CRIET" as a political resource for the political elites of the Republic of Benin.

Methodology. In solving the research tasks the following methods were used: concrete historical method, method of political and legal analysis, institutional method, comparative method.

The results of the study. The institutional features of the upcoming 2026 presidential elections in the Republic of Benin are determined exclusively by two instruments: the new Electoral Code and the CRIET court used to regulate electoral processes.

Conclusion. The reasons for updating the Electoral Code on November 15, 2019 and the emergence of the CRIET court are as follows: ensuring stability at the institutional level, ousting political opponents and maintaining power. The political context of the electoral reform in the Republic of Benin is marked by the authorities' tendency to use CRIET as a political resource for the country's political elite.

The relevance of this research is determined by the current geopolitical situation, characterized by intensified attempts to falsify the history of World War II. In this context, an objective assessment of the impact of the opening of the Second Front in the European theater of operations on the overall victory over Nazism represents a key problem in contemporary military-historical science. One of the debatable problems of modern military-historical science is an objective assessment of the role and significance of the opening of the Second Front in the European theater of operations in the final defeat of the Nazi Germany's troops and its satellites. Generalization of the historiographical experience of studying the indicated problem, taking into account the source base available to researchers, allows us to identify the author's position on the stated topic.

The purpose of the research is to provide a scientific assessment of the historical events related to the problem of the opening of the Second Front by the Allied forces of the Anti-Hitler Coalition.

Objectives: To identify and systematize the key parameters characterizing the genesis, stages of preparation, dynamics of development, and effectiveness of the strategic operation “Overlord”.

Methodology. The research is based on the fundamental principles of objectivity, historicism, and a systemic approach. A set of complementary general scientific and specifically historical methods was used in the process, including analytical, critical, problem-chronological, and retrospective analysis.

Results. The article reveals the foundations of the military-historical view 80 years later on the Normandy strategic operation “Overlord” and raises the question of whether it was the opening of the Second Front or still a war against German troops on two fronts. Based on factual material, an assessment is given of historical events related to the problem of the opening of the Second Front by the Allied forces of the Anti-Hitler Coalition. The process of preparing this operation is presented, and the features of its course and significance for modernity are shown.

Conclusions. During Operation Overlord, not only new means of armed struggle were used, but advanced elements of military art were also embodied: strategic deterrence, misleading the enemy, operational camouflage, and joint landing of air and sea assaults. All these elements are still widely used in the theory and practice of military affairs.

Relevance. The problem of providing qualified workers to the main sectors of the Russian economy is a serious challenge in the context of the current defense of Russia's national interests. Studying the provision of the national economy of the USSR with young workers – graduates of the state labor reserves after the end of the Great Patriotic War, especially using the example of the South Ural regions, allows us to understand and learn from the experience of providing the national economy of the Soviet Union with labor during the most difficult period of the country's reconstruction.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the distribution of graduates of educational institutions of the system of state labor reserves in the Southern Urals during the fourth five–year plan (1946 – 1950).

The objectives follow from the stated purpose of the study and consist in examining the numerical indicators of young workers graduated from colleges and factory training schools of the state labor reserves in the Southern Urals during the implementation of the fourth five-year plan (1946 – 1950). The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The work also used the historical and comparative method of historical research.

Results. The system of state labor reserves during the implementation of the fourth five-year plan was one of the main sources of replenishment of the national economy of the Soviet Union with qualified personnel. The mass graduation of young workers in a short time covered the needs of a recovering country with workers.

Conclusion. The distribution of graduates of educational institutions in the system of state labor reserves was centralized and planned. First of all, the interests of the leading sectors of the national economy, such as metallurgy, the fuel industry, construction, the coal and oil industries, and others, were taken into account. In total, 142 128 young workers were trained in educational institutions of the system of state labor reserves of the Kurgan, Chelyabinsk and Chkalov regions between 1946 and 1950. By the end of the 1940s, there was a closure of the national economy's need for mass workers trained in factory training schools, and there was a reorientation towards training highly qualified specialists in colleges.

The relevance of the topic under study is due to the scientific interest in the organization of the industrial process at the enterprises of besieged Leningrad. Currently, most of the archival office documents are becoming declassified and available for more detailed, in-depth research in this area.

The purpose of the study is to consider the features of the organization of the production process at the artels of besieged Leningrad in the second half of 1941.

Objectives: to consider the organization of the work process at enterprises (artels); to study the range of manufactured products; to analyze the results of the production activities of the artels.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was built on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Problem-chronological, historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods were also used.

Results. In the study, the author examines the organization of the production process in four artels of blockaded Leningrad in the second half of 1941: the Primus artel, the Leningradsky Metallist artel, the Elektrotekhpribor artel and the Elektromet artel. With the onset of military action, their production capacities were rebuilt for the production of ammunition. This required the reorganization of workshops, the repair of pre-war equipment and the search for new equipment, special tools for technical operations and workers. Difficulties arose in all of the above areas, since the general situation in the city remained extremely difficult. Thanks to the creative initiatives of the engineering and technical staff, the launch of new products in the artels was realized.

Conclusion. Thus, in all of the artels under consideration, the organization of the industrial process began to be rebuilt in wartime conditions. New enterprises with a complete production cycle for the manufacture of goods needed by the front appeared.

The relevance of the study is due, first of all, to the insufficiency of work on our chosen research object within the stated geographical and chronological framework, the need and possibility of further research. In addition, taking into account the experience of educational work in the internal affairs agencies in the difficult economic situation of the state, as well as during the period of hostilities, will be of undoubted social importance.

Objectives: to consider the material conditions, basic forms and methods of cultural, educational and political work with police and criminal investigation officers.

Objectives: to characterize the activities carried out within the framework of political and educational work, to consider the peculiarities of the moral and psychological state of employees of internal affairs bodies during the 1920s-1930s.

Methodology. The work was prepared on the basis of archival data extracted from the state archives of Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Oryol. The work is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. Historical-sociological and historical-genetic methods were used in the preparation of the study.

Results. A brief overview of educational work with employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Chernozem regions, the moral and psychological state of personnel in the period under review is presented.

Conclusions. Educational work in the internal affairs bodies was episodic, lacking proper consistency. The most popular forms of educational work were speeches to employees on political topics, festive evenings dedicated to the anniversaries of the formation of the militia. The difficulties in carrying out educational work include the organizational imperfection of educational activities and high staff turnover. The latter circumstance did not allow us to properly focus on the high-quality training of a cadre with high moral and business qualities and good political training. The weakness of educational work and the difficult financial situation of the police officers affected the level of service discipline and the attitude of employees to the service.

Relevance. Railway transport occupies one of the key places in the functioning of various aspects of the life of the state. In this regard, much attention is paid to the training of railway personnel. One of the educational institutions for future railway workers is the children's railway. At the same time, historical research has not sufficiently covered certain aspects of the construction and operation of the children's railway system both in the Soviet state and in its individual cities.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the functioning of children's railways in the USSR.

Objectives: to trace the history of the formation and development of the children's railway system, to identify the main directions of their activities as an element of pre-professional training, to highlight issues related to the construction of a children's railway in Irkutsk and other cities of the USSR.

Methodology. When writing the article, special historical research methods were used, which led to the conclusion that children's railways stimulated school graduates to enroll in specialized educational institutions.

Results. The study of various sources made it possible to objectively assess the place of children's railways in the Soviet Union's railway personnel training system, as well as to trace the specifics of the functioning of such institutions.

Conclusion. The system of children's railways developed in the USSR has become one of the elements of career guidance in the issue of railway personnel training. The successful experience of such a specific field of education stimulated the creation of children's railways in the countries of the socialist camp. In modern Russia, children's railways, built both during the Soviet period and after its collapse, also continue to operate.

Relevance. The process of personnel formation of the teaching staff in the initial period of the Kursk Polytechnic institute is of considerable research interest, since it allows us to identify the specifics of the mechanisms of work of newly created institutions of higher education both in general and in a single institution of higher education. The data obtained on the basis of archival materials of a particular educational institution can be used to reconstruct the historical dynamics of the development of the university system, as well as to identify patterns in the staffing process in the regions.

The purpose of the study is to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of the staffing of the Kursk polytechnic institute in the early years of its operation.

Objectives: to reveal the specifics of the selection of teaching staff in the organization of the Kursk polytechnic institute; to study the dynamic changes in the staff of the Kursk polytechnic institute; to identify the main problems of staffing the institute in the early years of work.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is based on the fundamental principles of objectivity and historicism. In the process of solving research problems, the authors used historical-genetic, historical-systemic, biographical, and retrospective methods.

Results. The generalization of archival sources allowed to objectively evaluating the process of formation and effectiveness of personnel policy of Kursk polytechnic institute at the initial stage of its functioning. Two basic problems of the effectiveness of personnel provision of Kursk Polytechnic Institute were identified.

Conclusions. The active recruitment of staff from among the teaching staff has led to a significant increase in the number of employees, despite the difficulties in providing housing and the lack of postgraduate studies. The measures taken in the form of attracting nonresident teachers, teachers from other higher educational institutions in Kursk, practicing specialists from industrial enterprises, training and advanced training, and the direction of targeted postgraduate studies have made it possible to form a stable staff in more than five years, laying a solid foundation for the further development of the institute.

Relevance. Back in the 18th century, the Russian Empire introduced a pale of settlement for the Jewish population. But the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 made adjustments to Russian legislation. An analysis of the state policy towards the Jewish population has led to the conclusion that the forced deportation of Jews from the frontline territories has become a determining factor in limiting the pale of settlement.

Purpose. To study the state policy towards the Jewish population of the Russian Empire during the First World War.

Objectives: to analyze the political situation that developed during the war on the forced resettlement of Jews deep into Russia, to investigate the factors that influenced the expansion of the pale of settlement.

Methodology. The author's methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Methods of synthesis and generalization of the obtained data are also used.

Results. In the study, the author shows that the First World War contributed to the limitation of the pale of settlement, but Jews, as before, remained the object of discrimination by the authorities. And the war has only worsened their situation. Jewish merchants were blamed for disruptions in the supply of the Russian army, the rights of residents of the frontline territories were severely curtailed, and they were evicted from some regions as potential traitors and spies. Jewish pogroms have become commonplace in the context of the increasing anarchy of Russian society.

Conclusion. The analysis of the state policy towards the Jewish population of the Russian Empire led to the conclusion that the war caused a change in the pale of settlement for Jews who were forced to evacuate from the frontline areas. Jewish refugees settled throughout the Russian Empire.