Relevance. The natural-legal doctrine formed the basis of the principles of modern law, namely, it became the foundation for the formation of the concept of human rights. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted. Currently, human rights are unconditionally enshrined in the Constitutions of States and run like a red thread through the system of legislation. The Constitution of the Russian Federation also enshrines human rights and freedoms and declares itself as a constitutional state. However, achieving the constitutional state is possible if the norms of the law do not contradict natural rights. The European Court of Human Rights examines legal situations related to violations of human rights in various states. In the theory of law, the issue of legal universals is actively discussed, that is, about norms that exist objectively and outside of time. Therefore, the discourse on Natural law is always relevant in the philosophical and legal fields.
The purpose is to identify the essence of the doctrine of Natural Law in the Christian state and legal doctrine and to determine the stages of development of the Natural Law in Christian doctrine.
Objectives of the research are identification of the foundations of the Natural Law and universalism in the Old Testament teaching; analysis of the development of the Natural Law in the New Testament teaching; consideration of the concept of Natural Law in the works of theologians; modern reading of the concept of Natural Law in modern Christian doctrine.
Methodology. In the study the following methods were used: deduction and induction, hermeneutics, systemic, comparative legal, specifically historical.
Results. The study are of a theoretical nature and can be used in the study of the theory of state and law, the history of political and legal doctrines, philosophy of law.
Conclusions. The theory of Natural Law was consolidated in the Christian legal doctrine, starting with the Old Testament teaching. The provisions on Natural Law received their development in the New Testament teaching and in the writings of Christian thinkers. The author concluded that the Natural Moral Law, possessing the characteristics of truth, immutability and universality, creates the moral foundations necessary for building a society.

Relevance. The right to be forgotten is the right of individuals to exclude, restrict or delete links and personal information on the Internet. This right was particularly emphasized in 2014 by the CJEU in a ruling in the Google Spain case. Originally originated as the right to "forget your criminal past", the right to be forgotten with the development of the Internet has received a new life. In this regard, the issues of recognition of the right to be forgotten, the definition of the essence and forms of implementation of this right are of considerable interest to the doctrine of international law.
The purpose is to research various approaches to formation and recognizing the right to be forgotten.
The objectives of the research are as follows: to consider the formation and development of the right to be forgotten in the practice of European data protection authorities; to determine the contribution of the EU Court in the international recognition of the right to be forgotten; to identify the main forms of implementation of this right.
Methodology. The article is based on the methods of analysis, formal legal, systemic legal, comparative legal methods and the method of interpretation of law.
Results. During the scientific work, various approaches were identified in understanding the essence and forms of realization of the right to be forgotten, an understanding was developed about the possibility of consolidating this right as international law, the role of the EU Court in the subsequent recognition and understanding of the right to be forgotten was determined.
Conclusion. The contribution of the overwhelming majority of European data protection authorities shows that they advocate recognition and clarification of the right to be forgotten. Despite the recognition by the EU Court of the right to be forgotten, nevertheless, it has not become an internationally recognized human right, but has only become a recognized right in the European Union and a number of individual States. Establishing the right balance between the right to be forgotten and other competing rights will largely determine whether the right to be forgotten can become an international universal law.

Relevance. Given the multinational composition of the Russian Federation, in some regions of which ethnic legal customs and traditions play a huge role in regulating social relations, the most important task is their definition and formal legitimation. Customary law and legal tradition are the expression of a national socionormative system, the unity of which determines the legal consciousness and legal culture of a certain ethnic group. In this regard, the doctrinal definition and correlation of the concepts of "customary law", "legal custom", "legal tradition" is an urgent theoretical task.
The purpose of the research is to analyze historiography on the problem of defining customary law, legal custom and legal tradition.
The objectives of the research include: identification and analysis of various theories of customary law, definition of ethnic legal custom and ethnic legal tradition..
Methodology. The research methodology includes a wide range of scientific methods (theoretical, empirical, general logical, processing and interpretation of scientific data).
Results. Traditional societies are characterized by the unity of the socionormative sphere (religion, morality and law). The legal tradition is an expression of the national socionormative system, the unity of which determines the legal consciousness and legal culture of a certain ethnic group.
Conclusion. Ethnic legal custom should be understood as a social norm, the binding force of which is based on the public perception of the normal and abnormal.

Relevance. The rapid development of the state and law, caused by active globalization processes, informatization, digitalization and robotization of most areas of public life, the problems and challenges introduced by the coronavirus pandemic necessitate a rethinking of the relationship between the individual, society and the state, the boundaries of state intervention in the spheres of society's life. These problems are most prominently reflected in the liberal ideology and the corresponding political and legal trend, which requires new approaches to consideration and assessment (in a retrospective dimension), taking into account the changed circumstances.
The purpose of the study is to study the domestic state-legal doctrines of Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the program provisions of which were aimed at developing the liberal idea and liberal principles of state building (rule of law).
Objectives: to identify the main features of the liberal teachings of P.I. Novgorodtseva, B.A. Kistyakovsky and B.N. Chicherin, taking into account their commitment to the principles of German classical philosophy; to determine the specifics of domestic liberal state-legal doctrines of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. through the prism of the relationship between the individual, society and the state.
The research methodology is based on the application of a complex of general (dialectical approach), general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systems approach, historical approach) and particular scientific (statistical, legal-hermeneutical, content analysis) methods, which made it possible to objectively evaluate liberal state-legal teachings of Russia of the period under review and their main elements.
Results. Liberal state-legal doctrines in the pre-revolutionary legal discourse and the process of their conceptual formation are considered, which was the result of the liberal theory that was established in Western European jurisprudence.
Conclusions. Russian liberal state-legal doctrines have acquired an obvious national specificity, which contributed to the progressive development of domestic liberal political and legal thought; the key provisions of the liberal state-legal doctrine developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and were primarily associated with the requirement to implement the idea of a state governed by the rule of law.

Relevance. Building an effective model of interaction between the state and society is the key to stable, successful development and well-being of citizens. In modern Russia, close attention is paid to management issues. The amendments made to the Constitution in 2020 affected the relations between the center and the periphery, including local self-government in a single system of public authority. On December 14, 2021, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted a law on regional public authorities, which provides for the improvement of the mechanisms for organizing and interacting with public authorities operating on the territory of subjects (federal, regional, municipal). The changes introduced into the legislation indicate that the search for a rational management system does not stop today. In this regard, it is relevant to study the history of the issue. In Russia, the science of internal management, hereinafter referred to as police law, originated at the end of the 17th century. In the course of its development, at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, a theory of public law was formed, the provisions of which served as prerequisites for the formation of local self-government in Russia.
The purpose consists in the study of the theory of public law and its significance in the formation of local selfgovernment in Russia.
The objectives scientific work is as follows: to characterize the main provisions and specific features of the theory of public law, to demonstrate its historical significance.
Methodology. In the course of the study, a general method was used - dialectical, general scientific methods – synthesis, analysis, deduction, induction; private scientific methods – comparative, historical; special – formal legal.
Results. In the course of the work carried out, the main provisions and specific features of the theory of public law are characterized, and its historical significance is demonstrated.
Conclusion. The theory of public law was the original and contrasted with the classical idea of the management of society in the views of the police. Key provisions of public law laid the foundation for the formation of local self-government in Russia.

Relevance. In recent years, Russian reality has been characterized by a significant increase in interest in the Soviet heritage. State policy is characterized by the active use of such trends in the creation of new forms of social interaction (yunnats, construction crew movement, volunteerism, unarmia, etc.). Such an agenda can be evaluated ambiguously, but its manifestations actualize the need for a detailed examination of Soviet institutions and mechanisms from the point of view of both positive and negative experience. The Komsomol shock constructions are one of the markers of the large-scale mobilization movement in the Soviet state, and are of scientific interest not only from a socio-economic point of view, but also from a legal point of view.
The purpose of this article is to study the Institute of Komsomol shock constructions from the point of view of legal regulation and the formation of a differentiated list of the main sources of legal regulation of this phenomenon.
The objectives of the study follow from the purpose of the article and are to analyze the legal status of Komsomol shock constructions, taking into account their complex institutional nature, to identify the sectoral affiliation of regulatory norms, to characterize the ratio of legal and non-legal regulatory regulators of this phenomenon.
Methodology. The article is based on the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as historical-comparative, historical-legal and formal-legal methods.
Results. In the course of the study, the main sources of legal regulation of the Institute of Komsomol shock construction projects were identified, their list was given, industry affiliation was determined, and the question of the ratio of legal and non-legal regulatory regulators was resolved, taking into account the peculiarities of the Soviet legal system.
Conclusion. The Komsomol shock construction projects, despite the long period of existence, were regulated quite fragmentally. Nevertheless, it is the legal norms that should be considered as the fundamental sources of regulation, their sectoral diversity confirms the complex nature of the institution under consideration. Non-legal acts (including documents of the Komsomol) must be taken into account as auxiliary, secondary regulators.

Relevance. The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of "privilege" as a legal category. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of jurisprudence includes a number of concepts that define exceptions to the general rule - the principle of legal equality. The system-forming category defining the right of a subject to use an additional right is the concept of "legal advantage". The conceptual range of this category includes the concepts: "legal privilege", "legal privilege", "legal immunity", etc. The most controversial, causing ambiguous assessments and definitions, is the concept of "privilege", the negative meaning of which is historically associated with a phenomenon that reflected social inequality. The origin of the principle of equality is associated with the gradual rejection of systemic privileges (class, racial, sexual).
The purpose of the study is a theoretical, legal and historical analysis of the category of "legal privilege" based on comparison with the concept of "legal privilege".
The research objectives include: comparison of the legal concepts of "privilege" and "privilege", analysis of their genesis, identification of similarities and differences.
The methodology of the article included methods traditionally used in conducting theoretical and legal research: general scientific (dialectical, logical, system-structural; private scientific (historical, statistical, axiological) and special (comparative legal and formal legal).
Results. The conducted research has shown that legal benefits and privileges initially act as legitimate regulatory exceptions to the general legal principle of equality, which does not indicate their legal identity.
Conclusion. The evolution of privileges followed the path of gradual abandonment of systemic advantages to privileges based mainly on official status. Benefits were originally intended to alleviate the situation of the socially unprotected population, their functional role has expanded over time, but has not changed significantly.

Relevance. Digital financial assets designated in the norms of Russian law as a special segment of digital rights. Currently, the regulatory framework regulating the turnover of digital financial assets is in the process of formation, and the legislation regulating public relations arising in relation to this phenomenon characterized by imperfection and inconsistency.
The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions that contribute to understanding the specifics of civil law turnover of rights classified by the Russian legislator as digital financial assets, which determining the structure of such turnover for using the results obtained in the development of norms regulating legal relations mediated by the electronic virtual environment.
Objectives: to identify the necessary conditions for the participation of legal entities in the turnover of digital financial assets; to determine the elements of the turnover of digital financial assets; to identify the directions for further development of legal regulation of the issues under consideration.
Methodology. When writing the work, author used the methods of analysis and synthesis, the system method, the dogmatic legal method and the method of interpretation of the norms of law.
Results. The author argues that in order to become a subject of turnover of rights certified by the design of digital financial assets, a person must: firstly, have the right to use a hardware and software complex (computer and (or) smartphone with an Internet communication channel) that provides personal access for work in the appropriate information system; and secondly, have a unique code to ensure personalization of himself as a participant in information interaction. This together is a mandatory sign of its civil-digital transaction capacity. A five-element structure of civil law turnover of rights certified by the design of digital financial assets is proposed.
Conclusins. The use of digital technologies mediating the fixation of property rights, their belonging to a certain participant in civil turnover, will steadily expand. The structure of the civil turnover of digital financial assets proposed by the author can be considered as a basis for the development of rules for the exchange of digital financial assets and the improvement of Russian legislation.

Relevance. In 2020, a number of amendments were made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The question of their influence on the domestic legal system, as well as law enforcement practice, has been repeatedly raised in the scientific community. The authors analyze the new provisions of Part 5 of art. 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in its interrelation with certain provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russia on liability for violation of socio-economic rights of citizens.
The purpose of the study to identify the peculiarities of the impact of the amendments made to Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the assessment of the degree of public danger of crimes where the object of encroachment is the right to fair wages, as well as on the qualification of acts with signs of such crimes.
Objectives: research of the established judicial practice, assessment of the significance of the amendments made to Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation for the application of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Methodology. In the process of working on the research, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, observation, induction, deduction) and methods of legal science (legal-dogmatic, comparative) were used.
The results of the study are distinguished by a combination of applied and theoretical nature, since it contributes to solving a number of problems of law enforcement practice, as well as understanding the connection of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with criminal law, solving problems of competition of legal norms and assessing the degree of public danger of criminal acts encroaching on the labor rights of citizens.
Conclusions. The conducted research suggests that the right to fair wages has become more significant from the point of view of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This statement leads to two conclusions. Firstly, the violation of this right allows us to consider it essential and impute it as a consequence of Articles 201, 285, 286, 330 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Secondly, this position of the Basic Law highlights the underestimation of the degree of public danger in Article 145¹ of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The mentioned norm is special in relation to Articles 201 and 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but it turned out to be privileged, less punishable.

Relevance. Transport belongs to a key segment of the Russian economy, an integral part of the production infrastructure, therefore its development is the key to the successful functioning of the entire economic conjuncture, which has a direct expression regarding the financial stability and investment attractiveness of any country. The specificity and importance of legal relations arising in the transport industry determines the relevance of this research, due to its vulnerability to criminal encroachments, which poses a threat to national security and individual legally protected interests of the individual, society and the state. This article is devoted to the study of historical aspects of the formation of domestic legislation in the field of transport security, as one of the urgent problems continuously aggravated by the development of scientific and technological progress. The article under consideration is devoted to the author's research of the historical aspects of the formation of domestic legislation in the field of transport security, as one of the urgent problems continuously complicated by the development of scientific and technological progress.
The purpose of the study was to establish possible natural links between legal institutions of responsibility and the development of transport infrastructure.
The objectives were a comparative legal analysis of the historical development of the transport industry from the end of the XVII century to the present.
The methodology is based on the use of both general scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition.
The result of the study was the identification of a natural connection between the development of transport routes and communications and the law, as well as the inability of the latter to be ahead of criminal encroachments.
Conclusions. The author to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop such legislative "algorithms" that will allow not only to resolve the existing modern issues of the qualification of criminal forms of behavior in the industry in question, but also to determine a strategy of preventive action against them. The basis of such algorithms should be laid in the conduct of modern scientific research, which is not of a unified nature, but mainly interdisciplinary format.

Relevance. An analysis of law enforcement practice and criminal law theory regarding the interpretation of the characteristics of the subject of the crime under Art. 216 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation shows that there are problems of attributing to it persons who are not entrusted with the obligation to organize or ensure compliance, as well as observe safety rules when conducting high-risk work (improper subject). On the examples of investigative and judicial practice, the main difficulties of qualification of violations of safety rules in the conduct of construction or other work that prevent the detection of perpetrators are considered. The misqualification of the act by the non-subjects of the said act entails a violation of the principles of guilt and justice, which requires the development of explanations on the criminal legal assessment of such cases.
The purpose of the study is to clarify theoretical ideas about the subject of violation of safety rules during construction or other work.
Objective: study of the provisions of investigative and judicial practice, guiding explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; identification of problems of qualification by subject; Formulation of proposals for their resolution.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction) and methods of legal science (formal legal, system-structural and others) were used.
The results of the study consist in the development of the definition and characteristics of the subject of the crime under Art. 216 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, its classification by groups is given. It makes it possible to achieve uniform enforcement by establishing the exact signs of the perpetrator. Independently for the law enforcement officer, conclusions and proposals are formulated on the qualification of violations of safety rules during construction or other work.
Conclusion. The study makes it possible to claim that a safety violation was committed during construction or other work only by a special entity obliged to comply with the relevant safety rules, or to organize or ensure their observance by other persons.

Relevance of this article is arisen from the gap in the statutory definition and indicia of the low significance of the administrative delict, pursuant thereto judges are vested with the wide discretionary powers on allotting sociallydangerous acts with the indicia of the low significance and defining the harm degree inflicted by the administrative offense to the protected social relations. In addition to that an analysis of the law enforcement practice proved that this statutory gap results to giving contradictory and sometimes opposite judgments.
Purpose of the research is determining the indicia and definition of the low significance of illegal movement of goods across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union as well as defining the harm degree inflicted by the administrative offense to the protected social relations for recognizing a delict as the low significant one.
Objectives study of the administrative offense laws of the Russian Federation in the context of regulating the definition of the low significance of illegal movement of goods across the customs border of the EAEU and determining of its indicia; analysis of the law enforcement practice and scientific research which define indicia of the low significant illegal movement of goods; elaboration of proposals for improvement of the administrative offense laws of the RF in question.
Methodology. In this research the dialectical method of inquiry is applied which one is a complex of the general and private scientific methods.
Results. The author elaborates proposals for determining the definition and indicia of the low significance of administrative illegal movement of goods across the customs border of the EAEU.
Conclusions. The conducted research allows to state about the necessity of determining indicia of the low significance as well as the harm degree inflicted by the administrative offense to the protected social relations through the prism of set of all offence elements of illegal movement of goods across the customs border of the EAEU in the form of the administrative delict.

The relevance of the research topic is justified by the need to assess the theoretical and methodological tools for analyzing the structure, essence and content of modern state agrarian policy in connection with the active development processes of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy due to the introduction in 2014-2015. Economic sanctions against the Russian Federation, as well as, in connection with the changes provided by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the new passport of scientific specialties, which provides for the study of sectoral state policy.
The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize the scientific results obtained by Russian scientists in the field of political science over the entire period of its thirty-year development in terms of the development of categories related to the category "State agrarian policy", clarifying its essence and content, directions and structure, etc. and also, the development of methodological tools for political science research in the agricultural sector. In other words, state agrarian policy as a modern object of political science research.
The objectives of the study were: substantiation of the relevance of the analysis of the current state of developments in Russian political science to improve the categories associated with the category "State agrarian policy"; analysis of the state of development in Russian political science; improvement of categories associated with the category "State agrarian policy"; analysis of the state of development of methodological tools for political science research of state agrarian policy; the formation of conclusions based on the results of the study.
The research methodology is focused exclusively on the use of scientific results obtained by scientists in the political sphere over the entire period of development of modern political science in Russia.
Thus, it is expected to obtain a complete understanding of the role of Russian political science in the development of research on sectoral state policy, state agrarian policy. Also, when preparing the article, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of information were used.
The result of the study was the formation of a comprehensive understanding of the state of political science agrarian research in modern Russian political science.
Conclusion. State agrarian policy as an object of political science analysis did not acquire the necessary scientific interest from the political science research community in Russia.

Relevance. The coming to power of the Islamic radical Taliban movement banned in the Russian Federation in Afghanistan in August 2021 was a serious reason for the world community to discuss the problems of forming an "inclusive government" in the country. The transformation of the political regime entails very difficult tasks for the political leaders of Afghanistan: firstly, to form a national government in the country; secondly, to develop effective mechanisms for the management of modern finance and the economy etc. This problem is urgent due to the fact that the solution of the Afghan issue affects the national security of both the countries of Central Asia and Russia.
The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the objective and subjective factors of the transformation of the political regime in Afghanistan, as well as the identification of pressing problems of the formation of an "inclusive government" in the country.
The objectives of the study were: substantiation of the conditions for the change of power in Afghanistan and the identification of ideological contradictions among the ethno political forces of the country; analysis of geopolitical interests of leading countries of the world, as well as the European Union, regarding the change of government in Afghanistan and the establishment of the authority of the Taliban movement; Identifying effective conditions for international security in addressing the Afghan issue, both at the international and regional levels.
Methodology. The study was conducted based on general scientific and applied methods of scientific knowledge, including structural-functional and comparative methods, systemic analysis.
Results. The most important aspects that reveal the structural and functional characteristics of the highest authority created by the Taliban in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, proclaimed by them, indicate its theocratic foundations. The Afghan issue needs to be addressed at both the regional and global levels.
Conclusions. An assessment of the geopolitical interests of world players regarding the change of government in Afghanistan showed that, in general, international actors are ready for dialogue with the Taliban on issues of international recognition and legitimacy of the national Afghan government.

Relevance. In political science, a new subject of scientific research is gradually gaining momentum - the state policy of the development of artificial intelligence. The starting point for them was the consolidation in the Russian Federation by the Decree of the President of Russia of the Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence for the period up to 2030. However, these studies are still quite scattered and isolated. Meanwhile, the factor of the rapid development of modern ICT, digital and mobile technologies widely used in the information sphere of the state and society imposes on the political science community a certain responsibility for the mobility of assessment, including, among other things, a predictive assessment of the state of Russia's policy in the field of artificial intelligence development. Comparative political science studies related to the study of the experience of advanced countries in the digital development of the world are also of undoubted value.
The purpose of the study is to determine the actual, political and strategic problems of Russia's policy in the field of artificial intelligence development.
The objectives of the study are to determine the degree of elaboration of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of artificial intelligence development as a subject of research, the main, urgent problems of the implementation of this policy, taking into account national interests and development strategy.
The research methodology includes general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific information and the method of political science - political analysis.
Results. The main problems of the development of policy in the field of artificial intelligence in our country through the prism of protecting the national interests of the country, Russian society and the individual in an unprecedented level and speed of technology development are identified.
Conclusion. The need for constant analytical support for the implementation of state policy in the field of artificial intelligence development.

The relevance. The article reveals the personal composition of the Special Committee under the Ministry of Finance, established to design the wine reform, its role in determining the new course in relation to drinking. This historical plot is poorly covered in scientific publications, therefore it has an absolute novelty. The current stage of modernization of the alcohol market requires the search for successful practices of alcohol reformation in the history of Russia, which gives the study special relevance and significance.
The purpose is to highlight the composition of the Special Committee under the Ministry of Finance and its contribution to the development of the wine reform of 1863.
Objectives: to characterize the members of the Special Committee; to evaluate the final document; to explain why the case of wine reform was transferred from the Ministry of Finance to the Department of State Economy of the State Council.
Methodology. The solution of research tasks was carried out on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. Such methods as anthropological, comparative, and synchronous have also found their application in the work.
Results. On August 8, 1858, Alexander II established a Special Committee under the Ministry of Finance to develop an alternative drinking system to pay-offs. The Special Committee, headed by Finance Minister A.M. Knyazhevich, included Director of the Department of Various Taxes and Fees F.L. Pereverzev, Vice-Director and Ya.I. Golubev, as well as members of the Council of Finance Minister B.E. Prutchenko and A.I. Novitsky. All high officials had experience working with payoffs, knew their advantages and disadvantages. After spending a lot of time on discussion, they could not offer a worthy replacement for the pay-off order. The result of the work of the Special Committee under the Ministry of Finance was a note with a proposal for a certain "transitional system", which, according to the operating conditions, differed little from the payoffs.
Conclusions. All the previous official activities of the members of the Special Committee ingrained in them a fear of change. The committee of A.M. Knyazhevich did not propose anything other than a "transitional system". The "fashionable" excise system was rejected by the "reformers", which was justified by concern for the financial wellbeing of Russia. The case of wine reform was transferred to the Department of State Economy of the State Council under the patronage of A.P. Zablotsky-Desyatovsky.

Relevance. The appeal to the touring activity of the theaters of the Urals during the period of late socialism was dictated by the crisis state of modern society, in the spiritual culture of which there was a noticeable tendency to a decrease in aesthetic tastes and a change in aesthetic guidelines. The historical experience of broadcasting artistic values among the rural population, inherent in theater groups in the Soviet era, can be useful in ensuring the foundations of spiritual security today, introducing various social strata of the population to high professional art.
The purpose of the research is to study the practical experience of rural touring activities of the theaters of the Urals in the conditions of directive management of the sphere of culture in 1964 - 1985.
Objectives. Based on the archival regional source material, the following tasks are formulated in the article: to characterize the volume of theatrical services in the village; to study new forms and methods of touring work of theatrical groups of the Urals in rural areas; to identify essential signs of touring practice in the countryside on a regional scale.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is a system-historical approach, comparative-historical and system methods, as well as a retrospective method in synergy with universal logical methods - analysis, synthesis, comparison and modeling.
Results. The touring activity was carried out in accordance with the ideologized policy of the party, at the expense of state funding and was justified, both in ideological and general cultural plans, which made it possible to develop this socially significant theatrical phenomenon. In the late Soviet period, an increase in the volume, quantitative and qualitative indicators of rural tours of professional theaters was recorded in the Urals. The geography of tours of Ural theaters is expanding.
Conclusion. Touring practices allowed theaters to do a great job of promoting the best works of theatrical art to rural viewers who live geographically far from professional art institutions. Party-state policy has defined clear boundaries for theaters of their activities, both ideologically and productively, while encouraging and financing rural tours.

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the history of the participation of representatives of the artistic intelligentsia in the organization of public events for the townspeople of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries is considered. The work allows you to study from different angles the main stages of art events held by collectors (from drawing up plans to implementing projects). The study determined that collectors of rare items supported residents in the process of creating public exhibition spaces.
The purpose of the work is to present the history of the participation of representatives of the artistic intelligentsia in organizing events for the townspeople of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries based on the identified archival materials.
The objectives of the study are defined as follows: to analyze the documents of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region, the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum named after I.I. V. P. Sukachev about the life and work of collectors, holding art events; identify the problems faced by the organizers of these events.
Methodology. The study adheres to the principles of historicism, consistency and scientific objectivity. Methods such as historical-genetic and problem-chronological are used.
Results. In the work on identified documents from the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region and the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum. V. P. Sukacheva reconstructs the history of the participation of collectors in the artistic events of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. It has been proven that the active work of collectors and connoisseurs of rare art objects influenced the activities of creative organizations and the process of creating museums and galleries.
Conclusions. The work presented the main areas of activity of various representatives of the artistic intelligentsia in introducing the inhabitants of Baikal Siberia to art objects in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The study identified and analyzed historical sources from the archives, which allows us to restore the history of the participation of collectors in the region in the work of creative associations.

Relevance. Studying the socio–political mood in Russia in the pre–revolutionary years, it is important to understand that during this period of time the majority of the population was the peasantry. Therefore, in order to form a general idea of the peculiarities of the development of socio–political consciousness in Russia in the second half of the XIX–early XX century, it is necessary to determine: how the supreme power was treated in rural areas, the course of the policy implemented by it; how the peasantry expressed their discontent, and how these discontent was assessed by the government of the country. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the analysis of regional, especially unique archival materials, since national trends in the development of socio–political consciousness in the period under review and their relationship with the development of the pre–revolutionary situation in the country can be judged based on the study of these materials. As a result, the study of the socio–political sentiments of the Kursk peasantry in the designated period seems relevant.
The purpose. The purpose of the scientific article is to study the socio–political sentiments of the peasantry in the Kursk province in the second half of the XIX–early XX century.
Objectives. The objectives of the scientific research: to determine which problems most concerned the Kursk peasantry in the period under review, how the peasants treated the supreme power, how they expressed their dissatisfaction, and how it affected the development of the pre–revolutionary situation in the Kursk province.
Methodology. In the process of working on the research, the following methods were used: historical, logical, chronological, synthesis and analysis, generalization and systematization.
The results of the study are distinguished by originality, since most of the archival sources used for writing the work were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. They can become the basis for further study of this problem, new theoretical generalizations of the results of scientific research.
Conclusion. In the second half of the XIX–early XX century. Kursk peasants actively distributed banned literature, produced leaflets, pamphlets with politically dangerous content, expressed their dissatisfaction with the internal political course implemented by the government and personally by the emperor through insulting the monarch, members of the royal family. At the same time, the peasants were mainly concerned about the land issue, in connection with which this category of the population showed similar political «activity».

Relevance of the article. The article raises the problem of studying the history of the Russian fleet in the XIX - early XX centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, despite the existence of the Russian navy for more than a century, there were practically no works on its history, when the available works on this topic were largely journalistic in nature. It should be noted that purely research activity in the history of the Russian fleet began in the 1920s, and systematic works on the naval history of Russia, based on a scientific approach, appeared only in the second half of the 19th century. At the same time, conceptually, naval historiography was theoretically formalized only at the beginning of the 20th century.
Purpose articles: explore the development of Russian naval historiography in the 19th – early 20th centuries.
Objectives: consider the activities of the authors of the first research papers on the history of the Russian fleet in the 20s of the XIX century; to study scientific activity in collecting unpublished sources and publishing, based on archival materials; systemic works on the history of the Russian Navy in the second half of the 19th century.
Methodology. The work used traditional and general scientific methods, along with historical-comparative and biographical approaches in studying the activities of naval historians.
Results. The study shows the detailed work done by domestic historians on the study of naval history. In fact, the result of the study of the history of the Russian fleet was the formation of a scientific and philosophical concept of history.
Conclusions article contain an opinion about the final formation by the beginning of the 20th century. National naval historiography. Historical works on the Russian Navy remain relevant at the present time.

Relevance. At the present stage of international humanitarian relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan, there are a number of issues that have not been sufficiently studied, in particular, in the field of cooperation in the field of higher education and science. An analysis of the positive experience of relations between countries in this area will make it possible to find the optimal solution to the problems that arise today.
The purpose of this article is to study the history of the development of educational and scientific– technical cooperation between Russia and Tajikistan after 1991.
Research objectives: to analyze the treaties and agreements concluded between the countries during the study period; study materials containing information on the specifics of organizing the process of training qualified personnel for Tajikistan in Russian universities; to identify the degree of effectiveness of interstate cooperation in the educational, scientific and technical sphere in the period 1991– 2020; study the efforts of countries in promoting the study of the Russian language in Tajikistan.
Methodology. The source base of the study includes published (agreements, legislative acts, collections of documents, scientific papers, Internet resources) and archival materials. The work uses general scientific methods of synthesis and analysis of information, as well as methods characteristic of historical research: comparative historical and historical and legal.
Results. The study showed that at the present stage, humanitarian relations between Russia and Tajikistan, based on the positive experience of the Soviet period, are developing dynamically. The study of the concluded interstate documents made it possible to identify the degree of effectiveness of cooperation between the countries.
Conclusion. The results obtained in the study can serve as a basis for studying the problem of organizing and further developing interstate relations between Russia and Tajikistan in the field of higher education and science, taking into account historical experience.