Relevance. Despite the serious scientific tradition of studying legal presumptions, a number of issues related to them still cause serious discussions in the works of specialists.
The purpose of the article is to clarify the author's position on two controversial issues concerning indirect and irrefutable presumptions, which are usually considered as unrelated problems.
Objectives: to reveal the concepts of presumption, indirect presumption and irrefutable presumption; to illustrate them with examples from the latest legislation.
Metodology. The research methodology includes a classic set of general scientific and special legal methods. Both debatable terms in the work are considered on the basis of a unified approach to the concept of legal presumption as a legal assumption, i.e. a normatively fixed legally rebuttable statement.
Results. As a result of the study, it is concluded that this approach does not contradict the existence of indirect presumptions, but casts doubt on the assertion of the existence of irrefutable presumptions.
Conclusion. A legal presumption includes two elements: a general rule and the statutory possibility of rebutting it. The classification of a presumption as direct or indirect depends on how clearly and compactly both of its elements are formulated in the law. Moreover, in both cases we are talking about rebuttable presumptions. The term "irrefutable presumption" is used to describe not a peculiar mechanism of action of a legal norm, but the mechanism of its formation. It is not addressed to the law enforcement officer as a guide to action, but describes the motives that prompted the legislator to fix this or that content in the legal norm. The concept of "irrefutable presumption" has a right to exist due to a long tradition and popularity of its use in legal discourse. In this case, the term "presumption" is used in a broad sense (as an assumption implied or enshrined in a legal norm) and encompasses two independent types of legal techniques: legal presumptions and legal fictions. presumption "and" legal fiction "are synonymous or simply deny legal fictions the right to exist.

The relevance. Social protection and state support of the families of those persons who defended the Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, acted as an integral part of the general state policy of the USSR. The procedure for state support of the families of military personnel was provided a number of other legal documents. At the same time, the amount of benefits to families of military personnel was determined depending on the number of family members who are not able to work, place of residence in urban or rural areas, and other factors. A detailed analysis of the provisions of documents regulating the issues of social security for families of military personnel complements the existing research on this topic.
The purpose is to analyze the order of organizing social security for families of military personnel in the first years of the Great Patriotic War.
Objectives: through the legal acts of the Soviet state to characterize the position of the Soviet government on the issues of providing for the families of military personnel mobilized to the front. Consider the activities of the bodies of Soviet power to provide families of servicemen with pensions, allowances and other benefits. Show the financial expenses of the Soviet government for the implementation of social tasks in relation to the families of military personnel.
Methodology. The work used the methods of analysis, synthesis, as well as such a particular scientific method as the historical-logical method.
Results. On the basis of legal acts of the Soviet state adopted in the early years of the Great Patriotic War, as well as archival documents, the article shows the mechanism for organizing social security for the families of military personnel, as well as the problems that Soviet authorities faced at the beginning and early years of the Great Patriotic War.
Conclusion. The author formulates the conclusion that, despite the existing difficulties and shortcomings in social security for the families of military personnel, the Soviet state took certain steps to address the issues of organizing such security.

Relevance. The use of a variety of electoral systems in a state indicates the level of democracy in this state. In this regard, it is no coincidence that constitutional and legal science pays such close attention to this problem. Therefore, analyzing the issues related to assessing the admissibility of using the majority and proportional electoral systems, it is necessary to study the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Purpose of this study is to clarify and systematize the legal positions of the Constitutional Court on the choice and legal regulation of the electoral system used.
Objective: study the Decisions of the Constitutional Court, determine the legal positions of the Constitutional Court on the possibility of applying a certain type of electoral system in the formation of collegial or sole elective bodies, investigate judicial practice on the issue of changing the chosen electoral system by the regional legislator, identify legal positions regarding the possibility of regulatory adjustments to overcome the shortcomings of proportional and majority electoral system.
Methodology. For the study, general scientific methods of scientific research and special methods of scientific research, such as formal legal and comparative legal, were used.
Results. The study made it possible to systematize the legal positions of the Constitutional Court on the use, change and adaptation of the applied electoral systems.
Conclusion. The first group of legal positions concerns the problem of adaptability of legislation to changes. The second group should include the arguments and conclusions of the court on the admissibility of the application of one or another electoral system as such. The third group includes the conclusions of the court about overcoming some of the negative properties of the corresponding electoral systems through the legislative regulation of public relations. The fourth group is formed by the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, due to the need to take into account the specifics of federal, regional and municipal elections when resolving the issue of choosing an electoral system. Based on the study of judicial practice, conclusions are drawn about the need to clarify and improve the applied electoral systems in Russia, since this is an important indicator of the democratic nature of modern Russian society.

Relevance. In the context of inflation (expansion) of the current criminal law of the Russian Federation, conditions arise not only for raising the issue of updating it, but also for the problems of correct interpretation of those criminal legal provisions that in the near future will be a priority for the protection of the information domain. For a law enforcement officer, it is important to correctly interpret the definitions that define the country's information infrastructure, in the conceptual characteristics of which there is currently a certain "terminological chaos". Against the background of a multitude of normative legal acts regulating information infrastructure and an ongoing discussion about the rules for qualifying information crimes, it is necessary to develop a clear algorithm to accurately define all the elements of the concept of "information infrastructure".
The purpose of the study is to develop the optimal concept and content of the "information infrastructure" and its digital direction for the needs of theory and practice of combating crime in the developing information society of Russia.
Objectives: to analyze the current legislation and study doctrinal approaches in the field of the information society, as well as the directions of scientific discussions on the definition of the concept of "information infrastructure". Formulate a uniform understanding of this object of criminal law protection.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the following were used: the dialectical method of cognition of criminal law phenomena, general scientific, special and particular scientific methods of cognition, taken in unity with the instrumental methods of researching legislative and scientific provisions. For the use of scientific results in practical activity, such theoretical methods as formalization are used.
Results. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts and doctrinal definitions, problematic "points" of misunderstanding of the desired object are identified, which constitute the concept of "information infrastructure" and separate approaches to which impede the correct qualification of crimes in the computer sphere. The concept of "information infrastructure" is formulated, taking into account, first, the official points of view and optimal constructions of the desired concept.
Conclusion. In the science of criminal law in Russia, a reasoned position regarding the concept of "information infrastructure" has not been formed, as well as a uniform understanding of its main components, which complicates the theoretical development of this research area and its empirical part - the qualification of crimes, primarily in the field of computer (digital) rovoy) information in the information infrastructure. The main conclusion was made that the information infrastructure in the country and in the world is constantly expanding, its inflation occurs and this requires the simultaneous expansion of both the entire criminal law and that part of it, in which the norms on the protection of information infrastructure are focused.

Relevance. The consistent increase in committed crimes of an extremist orientation indicates the absence of effective mechanisms and methods in modern law to counter the financing of extremism. Financial resources obtained as a result of committing crimes are the basis for the criminal activities of extremist organizations. Timely updating of the legal and regulatory framework for combating the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism is a priority in the implementation of state policy in the field of countering extremist activities.
The purpose. Development of evidence-based proposals to improve the effectiveness of countering the financing of extremist activities.
Objectives. To identify specific ways to increase the effectiveness of countering extremist activities through the prism of improving the legal regulation of countering of funds obtained by criminal means and the financing of terrorism.
Methodology. In the framework of the conducted research, we used logical, system and formal legal methods.
Results. The article substantiates the need to empower law enforcement agencies to decide on a temporary suspension of operations related to the withdrawal of funds from bank accounts (deposits), opened in order to finance extremist and other illegal activities.
Conclusion. The study shows that the empowerment of law enforcement agencies and government agencies that perform control and supervisory measures over the implementation of transactions of funds and other property, the authority to make a decision on the temporary suspension of operations related to the withdrawal of funds from bank accounts (deposits) opened for the purpose of financing extremist (terrorist) and other illegal activities, will serve as an effective tool for implementing state policy in the field of countering the financing of extremist activities.

Relevance. In the crisis conditions of the modern economy, the stock market becomes extremely important: its state, including the degree of security, determines the investment attractiveness of the state. Active and safe circulation of financial instruments allows businesses to receive additional capital investments, investors-the expected profit, citizens-to save and increase the free money supply, and the state provides additional income tax payments.
The purpose of the work is to determine the criminal law mechanism for protecting the circulation of securities in the Russian Federation.
Objectives: to give a legal description of criminal encroachments on the procedure for securities circulation (including solving the problems of differentiation from General norms), to compare the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the circulation of securities with the similar legislation of some other States, to determine the sufficiency and necessity of the existing system of criminal law norms by which the securities circulation is protected.
Methodology. In the course of the work, the methods of comparative, systemic and structural-functional analysis, systematic interdisciplinary analysis and synthesis were used. The study was conducted using the general philosophical methods of induction and deduction, the comparative legal method.
Results. The study revealed that the existing system of criminal law norms aimed at protecting the circulation of securities does not meet the challenges of the modern reality of the stock market, and the approaches used by the legislator to build criminal law prohibitions are not relevant to the original norms of civil and financial law.
Conclusion. It is necessary to formulate a rule aimed at protecting the circulation of securities in such a way that it covers both price manipulation and insider trading, while considering the special characteristics of the subject of the crime.

Relevance. The item is devoted an actual problem of placing juveniles in educational institutions of closed type by application of the Prosecutor. Analysis of the current legislation regulating legal relations in this area indicates the legal uncertainty this procedure at the request of the Prosecutor.
The purpose of the work is to study the procedure for placing juveniles in educational institutions at the request of the Prosecutor.
The objectives of the study are to identify and scientifically analyze the problems of the procedure for placing juveniles in special educational institutions at the request of the Prosecutor.
Methodology In the process of work on the study, analytical, comparative legal scientific research methods were used, as well as the method of legal modeling, which showed that the current legislation does not regulate the procedure for placing adolescents in closed educational institutions and made it possible to determine measures aimed to improve Russian legislation in the field of regulation of the activities of law enforcement agencies.
The results of the study revealed gaps in the legislation governing the placement of juveniles in special teaching and educational institution to the Prosecutor in the absence of regulation on the procedure of medical, including psychiatric examination and comprehensive examination of psychological-medical-pedagogical Commission of the category of minors at direction of materials in court by the Prosecutor.
Conclusion. The article concludes that it is indispensably to make appropriate changes to the law that would allow us to overcome the statutory uncertainty of this procedure.

Relevance. The relevance of the proposed study of state sectoral policy is due to modern discussions within the framework of Russian political science, caused by the development of a new project passport for the nomenclature of scientific specialties in political sciences. The new draft passport for the nomenclature of scientific specialties in political sciences involves a radical transformation of the directions of research in political science towards strengthening the positions of political institutions, political processes and political technologies, as well as public administration and sectoral policies. Certain areas, in fact, are recognized as irrelevant in the perspective dimension. This circumstance makes it necessary to analyze the existing developments in relation to state sectoral policies in the framework of modern political science and their consolidation in the current legislation.
The purpose of the article is to study the state of elaboration of the problematics of state sectoral policies in modern Russian political science.
The objectives of the research are: quantitative and qualitative analysis of the elaboration of state sectoral policies in political science; identification of the key problems of these studies; development of theoretical and methodological recommendations for future research of state sectoral policies.
Methodology. The main research methods are comparative, as well as quantitative and qualitative content - analysis. It is supposed to use interdisciplinary political-legal, political-economic research methods.
Results. Theoretical and methodological recommendations for future studies of state sectoral policies are proposed.
Findings. The underdevelopment of the problems of state sectoral policies in modern Russian political science, as we believe, the underdevelopment of the methodological apparatus of political science in terms of the use of interdisciplinary research, completely ruled out this problematic as promising.

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to identify threats to Arctic Russian interests in the context of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) development. Euro-Atlantic powers, primarily the USA, are calling to turn NSR into an international route and trying to delegitimize Russian position on the ownership of NSR.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the US policy in the management of Arctic navigation.
The objectives are to review the US history of the Arctic development, US strategy for developing of navigation, US position on the use of the NSR and accession to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and approach to the development of the Arctic transport potential.
Methodology. Historical and systematic methods were used.
Results. The article describes US policy on the development of Arctic navigation, control over regional sea routes and ratify the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. It analyzes the US military, political and information policy to strengthen its influence on the development of the Arctic transport potential.
Conclusions. According to the US, rules of passage on NSR contradict the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. USA is building up its military presence in the region: the potential of the US army is increasing, cooperation with NATO partners is expanding. USA contributes to the complication of the system of relations in the Arctic and the expansion of the number of participants in the Arctic dialogue, conducts an information campaign discrediting Russia as a responsible Arctic player.

Relevance. In the context of the aggravation of inter-state contradictions, the origins of which are largely economic in nature, and one of the serious consequences is the tough sanctions policy of individual states or their territorial associations, the problem of preserving sovereignty in the industrial sphere becomes more urgent than ever. The experience of the existence of the Soviet state clearly demonstrated that only its own highly developed industrial and agricultural production, which fully meets the needs of the country, can ensure its independence in the international arena. Therefore, the understanding of the domestic practice of solving problems of economic development is of research interest and requires a certain generalization.
The purpose. To reveal the main achievements of modern authors in the study of the history of domestic industry in the second half of the twentieth century at the regional level.
Objectives: on the basis of publications and dissertations of modern researchers, to trace the main trends in the development of scientific research in the field of industrial history of Russian regions, identifying the most developed and promising aspects of the topic in terms of research.
Methodology. When writing the work, the authors relied on the fundamental methods of historical science (the principles of historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative-historical, historical-genetic, etc.).
Results. Based on the works of Russian historians who have completed dissertation research and published their results over the past 5 years, the publication reflects the main results of summarizing the experience of the development of domestic industry in the second half of the twentieth century, presents the industrial specialization of individual regions of the country, and notes the prospects for further research on the topic under consideration.
Conclusin. Based on the historiographic experience already available in Russian historical science, it can be concluded that in the 1960s–1980s. the tram was experiencing the peak of its development in the cities of the RSFSR, and Kursk was no exception in this row. In many ways, the current problems in the development of the city's tram network are the result of mistakes and miscalculations made during the period under study.

The relevance of the stated topic is due to the importance of studying the changes in the drinking trade that occurred with the introduction of the excise tax. It is necessary to place emphasis on the degree of freedom in the movement of alcohol from the producer to the consumer during excise time. Given the constant search for a balance in the system of permits and prohibitions regulating the modern alcohol market, the experience of "free" sale of drinks is also relevant in a practical way.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the basics of the excise organization of the drinking trade in terms of the freedom of alcohol turnover.
The objectives concretize the purpose of the article and are to: 1) identify innovations in the organization of drinks during the excise period; 2) indicate the direction of the development of the "Regulation on drinking collection" measures; 3) answer the question: was there a "free" drinking trade under the excise tax.
The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, due to which changes in the organization of alcohol circulation are considered in the corresponding historical period of time, in interconnection and interdependence. In addition, the comparative-historical and problem-chronological approaches were applied, which made it possible to indicate the direction of the measures developing the excise legislation.
Results. The article highlights the basic principles of organizing the drinking trade during the excise period, including the indication of the places and times of the sale of alcohol, authorities and individuals endowed with permissive rights regarding drinking trade, types of shops selling drinks, take-away and in combination. The persons who received the right to drink bargaining, and the grounds for prohibiting the opening of alcohol trade, a list of documents that require registration at the beginning of a drinking sale are named. The sale of alcohol began to be carried out in wholesale, retail and small batches. The legislator outlined the circle of persons to whom the drinking trade was open, indicated the areas where the sale of drinks was allowed, set the time for the sale of alcoholic beverages. The measures taken to develop the basic law limited the "liberties" of the excise trade. The number of places where alcohol was sold was influenced by government measures by the mid-1870s. has stabilized and has remained almost unchanged over the past two decades. Drinking establishments were controlled by excise departments, the police and local bodies of an elective-estate character. By the law of May 14, 1885, the supervision of retail trade was called upon to strengthen the presence of the county on drinking affairs, and in the cities - the city councils.
Conclusions. The "Regulations on Drinking Collection" opened a new stage in the development of the alcohol market. The "free" sale of drinks under the excise tax was an orderly process, enclosed in the framework of strict drinking rules. Every year the limits of drinking freedom were loaned.

Relevance. The diversification of vocational education, in particular music, is facilitated by various factors: political, economic, demographic, etc. One of the socio-economic factors is the process of urbanization. The study and use of the historical experience of diversification of domestic professional music education in the Soviet period in the context of urbanization can contribute to the development of an effective state strategy for the development of the system of training specialist musicians at the present stage.
The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the diversification of musical vocational education in the Ulyanovsk region in the context of domestic urbanization in the 1950s–1980s.
Objectives: analyzes the features of the diversification of musical vocational education in the Ulyanovsk region in the 50–80s of the XX century in the context of domestic urbanization.
Methodology. The study attempts to provide a more complete coverage of the works of domestic scientists dedicated to the history of domestic urbanization and the history of domestic musical professional education. This work was carried out using scientific methods characteristic of historical research: narrative, historical-genetic, comparative, typological, structural, systemic.
Results. The work proves the fact that as a result of industrial and economic development, an increase in the population, the development of education, culture and education, the need for qualified music specialists has increased in the region. The satisfaction of this request became possible with the emergence of a two-level system of personnel training and the diversification of the content of musical professional education.
Conclusion. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further study of the problem of the development of the system of domestic professional music education in the context of urbanization, which can contribute to the development of an effective state strategy for improving this system in the Russian Federation in the 21st century.

The relevance of the scientific article is due to the fact that football as the leading sport in our country causes a dynamically growing interest among the general population, has its own funk clubs. In addition, football is very popular in the world, as evidenced by the constantly held world-class competitions.
The purpose of the historical research is to study the formation and development of the football movement in the Kursk province in the late XIX-early XX century.
The task of scientific research is connected with the study and analysis of archival and other materials that make it possible to show how football in the Kursk province began and its development at the beginning of the XX century.
The methodological basis of the study was the principles of historicism and objectivity; such scientific methods as historical-genetic, historical-comparative.
Results. The formation and development of football in the Kursk province in the late XIX-early XX century, despite the material and organizational difficulties, dynamically moved forward. By 1911, four football teams were formed in the city of Kursk, called "Kherson", "Borodino", "Seim", "Yamsky". In addition to these teams, which consisted mainly of young people (students of gymnasiums and real schools of the city), two strong football teams of employees of the management of the Moscow-Kiev-Voronezh railway and the city bank, called respectively "managers" and "bankers", were organized in Kursk. The football movement developed dynamically in the county town of Rylsk, where the football team "Circle of Rylsk football Players" successfully played, holding matches not only of the provincial, but also of the international scale.
Conclusions. At the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century, the football movement was dynamically formed and developed in the Kursk province, which was skillfully directed by talented athletes devoted to this sport, such as Gaikovich, Gushchin, Dezhkin, the Degtyarev brothers and others. 1911 can be considered the year of the birth of Kursk football.

Relevance. In modern conditions, it seems relevant to consider the history of the formation of Russian legislation. Now the question of the historical roots of liberalism is debatable. The problem of the birth of liberal ideas in Russia now remains without an unambiguous assessment. A study of Speransky's views is necessary to distinguish between Russian and European liberalism. M. Speransky's understanding of the rights and freedoms of citizens is also important for the modern era.
The purpose of this work is to show the difference of Speransky’s views from the European liberal doctrine.
The objectives of the study are to analyze the discussion on the problem of the emergence of liberal ideas in Russia; define Speransky's concept as a doctrine of conservative liberalism; to reveal the humanistic orientation of his concept.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is the dialectical method, system analysis, culturological and phenomenological approaches, which make it possible to assess the contribution and significance of Speransky's concept to the development of Russian social thought.
Results. It is shown that M.M. Speransky introduced the humanistic tradition into the system of liberalism. For the first time, Speransky's thoughts about the “Highest Liberty” are presented. Striving for good, truth, perfect law is the basis of human will, they make this Highest Liberty real. This is the origin of Speransky's doctrine of good, which is the theoretical foundation of his concept.
Conclusions. The study established the differences between Russian liberalism and European: 1) defining the humanistic basis of liberalism; 2) The source of the definition of Liberty in the Russian liberal tradition is the “mystical feeling” and the baseless principles of cognition: the search for the “incomprehensible” conditions for the movement of activity from necessity to liberty; 3) defined Russian liberalism as conservative liberalism; 4) Speransky summed up the moral and ethical foundations for the liberal doctrine.

Relevance. Currently, the city of Kursk is actively discussing the preservation of the city tram network. The city has both opponents of the tram and its ardent defenders. Both sides have quite weighty arguments both in favor of preserving this important intra-city vehicle, and reasonable arguments for its liquidation. For the situation that took place in Kursk in 1965–1985, this question did not arise at all: the tram was the most important means of transportation within the city. To a large extent, the current position of the Kursk tram network is the result of its evolution and development in the years under study.
The purpose. To reveal the main stages of the development of the tram network of the city of Kursk in 1965– 1985.
Objectives: based on the study of several groups of historical sources, show how the attitude of the party and state authorities to the tram has changed; analyze the main changes in the tram network that occurred during the period under study; to identify key trends in the development of trams in Kursk in 1965–1985.
Methodology. When writing the work, the author relied on the fundamental methods of historical science (the principles of historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical, etc.).
Results. On the basis of a multifaceted analysis of an extensive array of archival sources, it was possible to trace the main stages of the development of the Kursk tram in 1965–1985. at the peak of its development, when the tram was the most important form of urban transport.
Conclusin. Based on the historiographic experience already available in Russian historical science, it can be concluded that in the 1960s–1980s. the tram was experiencing the peak of its development in the cities of the RSFSR, and Kursk was no exception in this row. In many ways, the current problems in the development of the city's tram network are the result of mistakes and miscalculations made during the period under study.

The relevance of the article lies in the study of the process of introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art in 1900–1908. At the moment, researchers have not studied in detail the activities of the Society for the Spread of Public Education and Popular Entertainment in introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art in 1900– 1908, and have not analyzed the constituent and accompanying documents of the organization, which are part of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region. A more detailed analysis and study of a wide range of sources makes it possible to imagine the process of introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art in 1900–1908.
The purpose of the work is to present the process of introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art by the Society for the dissemination of public education and folk entertainment (1900–1908).
The objectives of this work are: on the basis of the documents of the State Archives of the Irkutsk region to present the activities of the Society for the dissemination of public education and folk entertainment in introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art; identify the difficulties and results of this process.
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, consistency, and scientific objectivity. Historical-genetic and problem-chronological methods are used.
Results. The study based on the materials of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region presents the history of the activities of the Society for the Dissemination of Public Education and Popular Entertainment in introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art in 1900–1908. The article showed that through historical sources it is possible to understand how this process took place.
Conclusions. The society for the dissemination of public education and folk entertainment supported the development of artistic life in the Irkutsk province. A detailed study and analysis of materials from the collection of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region, where records of active participants in public events have been preserved, proved that the organization actively participated in the process of introducing the inhabitants of the Irkutsk province to art in 1900–1908.

Relevance. Despite the increasing interest in the study of the political culture of Russia in 1917 on the part of scientists and the significant role of A. I. Guchkov during the first stage of the development of the revolution, so far neither his image, nor his "scenario of power" have yet become a subject of study by historians. Moreover, their reconstruction could shed light on a number of controversial issues related to the activities of A. I. Guchkov as Minister of War.
The purpose or the work is to determine whether the notion of ‘civic spirit’ played a role in the legitimation of Alexander I. Guchkov’s power of the Minister of War in the Provisional Government and how he was linked to the ‘cult of freedom fighters’ that was gaining popularity in spring 1917.
Objectives: Having studied the press publications of the first post-revolutionary months, highlight the system of argumentation that allowed the supporters of A. I. Guchkov, to rank him among the "freedom fighters", as well as to analyze the forms of appeal used to the first minister of war of the Provisional Government.
Methodology. Content analysis and the method of comparative analysis of sources made it possible to single out information related to the cultural phenomena considered in this article from a large array of newspaper and archival materials.
Results. The analysis of historical sources allows us to assert that the epithet “citizen-minister of war” and similar ones were used in relation to A. I. Guchkov not only in the press, but also in greetings, telegrams and appeals sent to him.
Conclusion. A. I. Guchkov the sympathizers, fragmentarily used facts from the political past of A. I. Guchkov, focusing on conflicts, and not on the cooperation of Alexander Ivanovich with the tsarist government in the prerevolutionary period. The analogy that was drawn between the past of the Boers and the present of Russia added to the “right” interpretation of this “cult” patriotic features that shifted the focus of attention from the pathos of social struggle to international confrontation.

Relevance. Throughout the post-war period, special attention in understanding the events of the Great Patriotic War is paid to the combat actions of the Red Army troops, often leaving out of sight the work of the rear services. This study is devoted to such a rather important factor of victory as the provision of clothing items to the troops of the Central Front in the spring and summer of 1943. Despite the presence of fundamental works on the history of the rear of the Red Army, this issue has not received detailed coverage and is poorly studied in Soviet and modern historiography. This study examines the problems that arose when changing from winter to summer uniforms. An equally important aspect of the work is the analysis of the numerical amount of uniforms available and necessary for the Central Front in preparation for the Battle of Kursk. The work, prepared on the basis of documents from the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, reveals in detail the specifics of the activities of the quartermaster bodies on the issues of clothing supply to the Central Front in preparation for the Battle of Kursk, in the springsummer period of 1943.
The purpose research study is to summarize the experience of the activities of the commissary service of the Central Front in the period of preparation for the Battle of Kursk.
Objectives are: analysis of historical documents related to the work of the quartermaster service; identification of problems in the activities of units and formations on matters of clothing support.
Methodology research made it possible to draw certain conclusions related to the clothing supply of the troops of the Central Front on the eve of the Battle of Kursk.
Results scientific research made it possible to draw certain conclusions related to the clothing supply of the troops of the Central Front on the eve of the Battle of Kursk.
Conclusions. The work of the rear services on the issues of clothing content of the Red Army evokes mixed feelings, on the one hand, a well-oiled mechanism for organizing the activities of the quartermaster service, and on the other hand, it is often negligent and irresponsible attitude on the part of individual officials.

Relevance. This article is devoted to the problem of the profitability of landlord households in Russia during the First World War. By 1914, a significant part of the country's landlord economies had already switched to the capitalist path of development and were advanced economic entities. The advanced economic experience of landowners' activities can be useful at the present stage, when reforms are continuing in Russia, including in the agricultural sector. In addition, historical justice may triumph and the Soviet label of semi-feudal landlord economy should be removed, and the rich historical experience of landlord economy will be comprehensively and objectively evaluated.
The purpose the aim of the research is to study various items of income of landowners in Russia during the First World War.
Objectives we will formulate the main tasks of our scientific research as follows: to give an analysis of historical materials related to the structure of incomes of the landowners' households in Russia during the First World War; to present the dynamics of income of landowners and the vector of their economic development.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the following: the principle of historicism; methods of objectivity and scientificness; chronological, historical and comparative approaches.
Results. The results of the scientific research made it possible to draw certain conclusions about the structure and dynamics of the incomes of the landowners' households in Russia during the First World War.
Conclusion thus, during the First World War, the incomes of the landowners' households in Russia showed a stable dynamics of growth in basic incomes despite the difficult historical period. The landowners demonstrated their economic viability and further economic prospects. Many of them significantly increased their income, regularly made payments on previous loans to Dvoryansky and other banks, and once again demonstrated their economic and economic necessity for the Russian economy.