Relevance. In science and lawmaking, a single approach has not been developed to the ratio of various types of regulatory legal acts in terms of legal force, which gives rise to problems in law enforcement. These problems are based on the absence of both a scientific and law -making approach to the concept of a legal act. Iriation of these problems negatively affects the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the subjects of law.

Purpose. On the example of acts of the President of the Russian Federation, to continue to identify the ratio of the level of legal force of the NPA of the Russian Federation, to build their system in a hierarchical order.

Objectives: to correlate the NPA of the President of the Russian Federation with federal laws, acts of the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation at the level of legal force; characterize the author’s approach to the concept of “legal act”; formulate proposals for improving the law.

Methodology. Methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as historical right, formal-logical and systematic methods, were used by which doctrinal and legislative contradictions were formulated and ways to solve them were proposed.

Results. In legal science and legislation, there is no single approach to the types of legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and their place in the vertical hierarchy of legal acts, to the normativity of his orders, legal acts in general and acts of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in particular. The listed problems create negative conditions for the effectiveness of current legislation and law enforcement practice, and the harmony of scientific structures.

Conclusion. In order to increase the efficiency of legislation and law enforcement practice, it is advisable: the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation (executed on separate forms) should be placed in his orders, which will correspond to Part 1 of Art. 90 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; consolidate the procedure for issuing decrees, orders and instructions by the President of the Russian Federation in legal acts, and cancel the order of the President of the Russian Federation No. 85-rp and the procedure for executing orders and instructions of the President of the Russian Federation No. 352; to normatively consolidate the definition of legal acts formulated in the article.

Relevance. This article examines a unique monument of Russian medieval law, the Decree Book of the Local Order, which dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries. As a product of the administrative practices of the Moscow Tsardom, the Decree Book of the Local Order provides evidence of the development of Russian land ownership from the publication of the Sudebnik of 1550 to the adoption of the Cathedral Code of 1649. The historiography of the Decree Book of the Local Order is represented by a limited number of works by pre-revolutionary legal historians. In modern studies, the study of this legal monument is extremely narrow and is mostly presented in the context of examining the activities of the order institutions of the Russian state in the 16th and 17th centuries. The relevance of this study lies in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the Decree Book of the Local Order as a historical and legal monument, including an examination of the legal norms governing its regulations.

The purpose of this study is to establish the significance and place of the Decree Book of the Local Order in the circle of the main legislative acts of the Russian state in the 16th and 17th centuries, as well as to identify the features of the legal acts included in the Decree Book and their historical and legal significance.

Objectives: to analyze the significance and place of the Decree Book of the Local Order and its legal acts in the system of legislative acts of the Russian state in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is represented by general scientific methods of cognition, as well as methods of legal science – the historical-legal method, the formal-legal method, and the comparative-legal method.

The results of the scientific research indicate that the laws included in the Decree Book of the Local Order became the sources for the articles in Chapters XVI and XVII of the Cathedral Code of 1649.

Conclusions. In general, it can be concluded that for a long period of time, the Ukaznaya Kniga was a kind of ancient Russian codified act of a sectoral nature in the field of legal regulation of land ownership and management of the land fund.

Relevance. Foreign experience in consolidating regulations across various industries into consolidated laws suggests that violations of workers' rights are one of the potential consequences of consolidating regulations into a single legal act. Comprehensive experimental regulation of services related to accommodation in Russian guesthouses, while creating conditions for economic entities to emerge from the shadow economy, actually deregulates labor relations.

The purpose of this study is to summarize data on the consequences of complex legislative regulation of entrepreneurial activity and employment relations, creating a basis for improving substantive law, procedures for the development and examination of bills.

Research objectives: to characterize the state of comprehensive legal regulation of entrepreneurial relations associated with the use of hired labor; to demonstrate permissible deviations from law-making canons when combining norms of different legal natures.

Methodology. The work uses formal-legal, comparative-legal methods, methods of system analysis, legal forecasting and legal modeling.

Results. An analysis of the structure and content of the Indonesian Omnibus Employment Act, a review of employment regulation under the Canadian Omnibus Act, and the experimental legal regulation of services provided by guesthouse owners in Russia reveal multiple connections between economic relations falling within the scope of civil and business law, labor law, social security law and financial law. Comprehensive legislative acts are capable not only of regulating but also of deregulating employment relations by shifting the focus of the law enforcer's attention.

Conclusions. Subordinating guest houses in Russia to a privileged economic regime is the initial stage of legalizing relations related to the commercial use of residential premises, the resolution of which will necessitate stricter requirements for the status of economic entities. Given the increasing complexity of Russian legislation regulating economic relations, the creation of an institution that will organize independent expert assessments of all draft laws, including complex ones, based on the principle of collective knowledge of reality is inevitable.

The relevance of the article written on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the birth of Professor Rybakov Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich is to recognize the merits of an outstanding Scientist and Teacher, standing together with Professor Suslikov Vladimir Nikolaevich at the origins of the creation of the dissertation council of the Southwest State University. The best memory of our untimely deceased Teachers is the implementation of their scientific ideas in the works of their students.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific potential of Professor V.A. Rybakov's legacy and assess its potential for implementation in the context of legal support for socially beneficial entrepreneurship.

Objectives: to assess the value of the scientific and methodological potential of Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Rybakov's scientific legacy; to determine the significance of introducing the term "socially useful entrepreneurship" into scientific discourse; and to identify trends in the legal support for the development of socially useful entrepreneurship, such as social, environmental, family, and youth entrepreneurship.

Methodology. A wide range of general scientific, private scientific, and special research methods were used.

Results. The creative development of ideas about the dialectical relationship between the social functions of civil law and property law forms a scientific and methodological basis for identifying the patterns and prospects of various types of socially useful entrepreneurship (social, family, environmental, and youth entrepreneurship) that have a common ideological focus.

Conclusion. The implementation of Professor V.A. Rybakov's ideas in assessing the prospects for the development of socially useful entrepreneurship suggests that the improvement of legislation on social and environmental entrepreneurship should be carried out within the framework of a single special federal law on social and environmental entrepreneurship. The most optimal option for the legalization of family entrepreneurship is the adoption of a separate federal law that takes into account the specific legal regimes of social, family, and marital entrepreneurship. The development of youth entrepreneurship can be achieved through the legalization of a federal law on youth entrepreneurship, which provides for a legal mechanism for the convergence of youth and social entrepreneurship.

Relevance. Law enforcement officers are authorized to use physical force, special means, and weapons in the performance of their official duties, which carries the potential for causing harm. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation holds that causing harm under legitimate state coercion does not constitute self-defense. However, in practice, the criteria and timing of determining the legality of such actions remain controversial, making a criminal law analysis of the classification of harm caused to a law enforcement officer in response to their use of coercive measures relevant.

The purpose of the study is to analyze criminal law criteria for assessing harm in situations involving the use of physical force, special means, and weapons by law enforcement officers.

Objectives: to determine the criminal law grounds and limits of admissibility of self-defense against the actions of law enforcement officers related to their use of state coercion.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was the general dialectical method of understanding socio-legal phenomena, along with general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural, and others). Specific scientific methods of cognition were also used, including logical-formal and systems analysis.

The results of the study are theoretical and applied in nature and aim to overcome contradictions in the criminal-legal assessment of the actions of law enforcement officers related to the use of state coercive measures, in which harm is caused both by law enforcement officers and by individuals who harm them in response to such actions.

Conclusions. The legality of harm caused by the use of force and weapons by law enforcement officers should be assessed taking into account the provisions on necessary defense and other circumstances precluding the criminality of the act. When qualifying the actions of individuals who cause harm to such officers, it is necessary to consider the subjective perception of the circumstances surrounding the use of force and weapons, as well as the provisions on imaginary defense.

Relevance. The current version of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not allow for the disqualification of individuals who have committed corruption-related crimes from holding executive positions in off-budget funds, state corporations, state-owned companies, public-law companies, and business entities with state participation.

Purpose. To develop approaches to addressing the application of Article 47 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation without taking into account the amendments made to paragraph 1 of the notes to Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which expand the scope of perpetrators of official crimes by including not only individuals serving in state authorities or local government bodies but also individuals holding positions in commercial and other organizations with state participation.

Objectives. To examine the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and court decisions on specific cases and develop proposals for synchronizing the provisions of criminal law governing sentencing with the definition of the perpetrator of official crimes.

Methodology. The use of methods for systemic analysis of the legal framework, as well as an analysis of judicial practice, allowed us to identify problematic issues in the legal regulation and application of the penalty of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions.

Results. A new version of Part 1 of Article 47 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is proposed. This would allow for the full consideration of the offender's position, the nature and significance of their activities, and their direct connection to the commission of the crime when determining the penalty. This would create additional preconditions for preventing corruption.

Conclusions. Punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities should include a ban on holding positions related to the exercise of government functions or the performance of organizational, managerial, or administrative/economic powers, or engaging in certain professional or other activities.

Relevance. The rapid shift of fraud into the digital environment has fundamentally transformed the nature of criminal conduct and the methods used to implement deceptive schemes. The use of anonymizing tools—virtual numbers, anti-detect browsers, cryptocurrency transit services, drop infrastructures, VPNs and Tor—creates a distributed technological model that conceals the offender’s identity, complicates the establishment of causal links, and hinders qualification under Articles 159, 159.3, and 159.6 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The examination of the role of such tools is increasingly significant for both legal doctrine and law enforcement practice.

Purpose ‒ is to determine the significance of digital anonymization as an element of the method of committing fraud and to identify its impact on qualification and evidentiary standards.

Objectives include characterizing anonymization tools used in digital fraud schemes, identifying their functional role, assessing their implications for the qualification of participants in distributed schemes, and determining key evidentiary challenges.

Methodology. The article employs methods of systemic analysis, functional assessment, comparative legal research, and forensic examination of digital traces.

Results. The study establishes that anonymizing infrastructure is a stable component of digital fraud mechanisms and shapes the distribution of roles among participants. Traditional criteria of complicity do not adequately reflect technical actions such as registering credentials, preparing digital profiles, or ensuring the transit of funds. Significant evidentiary difficulties arise from the ephemeral nature of digital identifiers and the lack of unified standards for their collection. A comprehensive assessment confirms the need to revise approaches to determining the role of technical participants and to standardize procedures for handling digital traces.

Conclusion. Digital anonymization constitutes an independent element of the method of committing fraud and must be considered in both qualification and proof. The unification of methodologies for handling digital traces and assessing functional participation in distributed schemes will improve investigative quality and stabilize judicial practice without amending Article 159 of the Criminal Code.

The relevance is due to the rapidly progressing development of artificial intelligence technologies and their active implementation in the most important areas of social activity, including justice, healthcare, education and public process management. This creates an objective need to rethink traditional criminal law approaches and develop special legal norms that take into account the specifics of machine learning algorithms and processing large amounts of data.

Purpose. Research of criminal law aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in the process of making socially significant decisions, identification of threats to the social rights of citizens caused by the use of AI technologies, as well as substantiation of proposals for improving Russian criminal legislation.

Objective: assess the need to rethink traditional criminal law approaches in light of the emergence of new forms of illegal activity involving the use of machine learning algorithms and big data processing; identify the main threats and risks to citizens' rights and freedoms associated with the use of AI, such as cyberattacks, AI manipulation, and violations of confidentiality and privacy; justify the importance of developing mechanisms for legal protection and oversight of the use of AI technologies to prevent violations of constitutional guarantees and ensure citizen safety.

Methodology. The article uses an integrated approach, including an analysis of normative legal acts and judicial practice, a dogmatic method, a comparative analysis, and a qualitative analysis of court cases.

Results. The obtained results indicate the existence of significant legal gaps and uncertainties in current legislation regarding liability for social violations committed through AI technologies.

Conclusions. The modern legal system requires supplementing with criminal law provisions aimed at protecting citizens from potential abuses of AI technologies, including mechanisms for monitoring and preventing unlawful interference in social activities.

The relevance. The article is the first part of the presentation of the results of a study of criminal schemes based on "false romance" as a tool for committing crimes. Monitoring of judicial practice, the media and the global network shows that fraudsters in elite dating clubs, scammers in social networks and applications, as well as other criminals, including members of terrorist organizations and convicts, use the deep psychological needs of victims for illegal purposes. This category of crimes includes deception "on the basis of love", when attackers from a fake account (catfishing) or in real life play the role of "in love" for the sake of self-interest or for other reasons. Most of the victims of swindlers and recruiters who believe in idealized romantic relationships are women – they make up the target audience of criminals.

The purpose of the study is to supplement the theory of criminology with new knowledge of criminal schemes based on the exploitation of the romantic attachment of women.

Objectives: tо include identifying and describing all scenarios for committing crimes disguised as romantic relationships – from extortion and fraud, to involving women through virtual relationships with convicts or members of terrorist organizations in committing serious crimes; development of a typology of the criminal mechanism of encroachments «on the basis of love» and the classification of victims from them.

Methodology. A set of methods is used in the work: formal-legal, formal-logical and method of sociopsychological analysis.

The results are applied in nature and include the development for law enforcement of a criminological classification of female victims based on the criterion of «trust» victimhood. This part of the article proposes a typology of criminal combinations with mercenary motivation under the guise of romantic relationships used by intruders, which reflects their psychologically determined nature.

Conclusion. The main tool of the fraudster is an artificially created illusion of intimacy, which allows you to gain absolute trust. This manipulation targets the victim's romantic expectations, which inevitably leads to her financial loss and psychological trauma.

Relevance. The centuries-long successful implementation of deferment of sentences does not obviate the need to define its legal nature. Effective application of the norms of this institution is impossible without developing a scientifically grounded approach to addressing this issue. The results obtained will help define the nature and scope of deferment, establish its place within the legal system, thereby laying the foundation for improving the content, technical and legal framework of this criminal justice measure, as well as its effective application in practice.

The purpose of the study is to determine the legal nature of deferment of sentence.

Objeсtive: to identify and systematize scientific approaches to understanding the legal nature of deferment of sentence; to reveal the characteristic features of deferment as part of release from punishment, to determine its institutional properties, and to formulate the author's vision of the legal nature of deferment of sentence.

Methodology. When writing the work, the methods of deduction, classification, analysis and synthesis, a systems approach, dialectical and formal-legal methods of cognition were used.

Results. This study identifies the characteristic features of a deferment as part of a release from punishment, and attempts to define its institutional properties. Based on the results of this work, the author formulates a perspective on the legal nature of a deferment of punishment.

Conclusion. The postponement of serving a sentence is of a legal nature: 1) it expresses the state's socially and humanistically oriented refusal to actually carry out the imposed punishment, which is implemented in two stages when the court is convinced that the convicted person's public danger has significantly decreased, provided that the convicted person successfully completes the test imposed on them based on their legal status and maintains control over their behavior; 2) is an intersectoral sub-institution within the framework of the institution of release from serving a sentence, formed by the norms of criminal and penal law; 3) acts as another measure of a criminal-legal nature and simultaneously serves as a manifestation of differentiation and individualization of criminal liability; 4) has a stimulating and rewarding orientation, ensuring its special social and legal purpose.

The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of searching for optimal models of the spatial organization of power in the context of the permanent transformation of federal states. Global challenges and internal socioeconomic disparities require continuous scientific understanding of the mechanisms of territorial-political division capable of ensuring a balance between centralization, regional autonomy, and territorial integrity.

The purpose is to propose scientifically grounded criteria and approaches to optimizing the TPD system that contribute to improving governance efficiency, strengthening the legitimacy of power, and ensuring the long-term political stability of federal states.

The objectives include: systematizing theories and principles of federalism; identifying factors that determine the choice of TPD models; conducting a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign experiences; assessing the political prerequisites for TPD reform; and substantiating the author's concept for TPD reform (modeling).

Methodology. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach utilizing general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific scientific methods. Key methods employed were comparative law and political science analysis, which allowed for the comparison of various models of federalism (USA, Germany, India, Russia) and the evaluation of their functionality.

Results. The conducted analysis revealed that none of the existing TPD models are universal. The concept of "adaptive functionalism" is substantiated, postulating the need for flexible adaptation of the territorial structure to changing conditions. It is demonstrated that TPD reform serves as a tool for strategic management of political risks and enhancing public policy effectiveness.

Conclusion. Optimal TPD in a federal state requires a continuous search for a balance between unification and diversification, considering historical, ethno-cultural, and economic factors. The proposed concept of "adaptive functionalism" provides a theoretical framework for designing sustainable and effective systems of public administration in modern federations.

Relevance. The history of military affairs is inextricably linked to population issues. For thousands of years, humanity has been drawn into an endless number of wars and conflicts, which have led to the depopulation of states and territories, triggering irreversible demographic processes. For Russia, which has experienced two world wars, a civil war, and a number of local wars, the demographic factor takes on a special significance. The social reality of the present compels the scientific community to turn to the experience of the past, in which historical demography is given a special place, and its interdisciplinary potential opens up new horizons for cognitive and research activities.

Purpose: to present a historical reconstruction of the institutionalization of military demography in Russia.

Objective: to characterize the methodological tools, forms, and subject field of military geography and military statistics; to determine their socio-historical significance in the development of military demography.

Methodology. The imperatives of historicism and objectivism are the basis of the scientific research, which allowed to characterize the formation of military demography in Russia in the historical chronotope. The study covers the period from the beginning of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The chronological framework of the theoretical analysis and interpretations is determined by the period of the beginning of the institutionalization of military demography.

Results. The continuity and interrelation of military geography and military statistics in the formation of military demography are revealed. The role of the demographic factor in military affairs is established. The leading role of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in the institutionalization of military demography is shown.

Conclusions. By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia had created the preconditions for the institutionalization of military demography as a separate field of military science. The methodology and tools of military geography and military statistics paved the way for this historical development.

Relevance. The Boards of Public Sobriety were a significant institution of social policy in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. Their analysis reveals the mechanisms of state-public interaction in addressing acute social problems and provides practical guidelines for designing modern anti-alcohol programmes.

The purpose to systematize the goals of the trustees, to characterize the range of their powers and areas of work, to identify the factors that led to both successes and failures in the activities of these institutions.

Objectives: to systematize the goals set by the state for trusteeships, to characterize their powers and areas of work, and to identify the factors that have contributed to both successes and failures in the activities of these institutions.

Methodology. The study is based on a set of complementary methods that provided a multidimensional analysis of the activities of the People's Sobriety Trusts, namely, historical-systemic, historical-genetic, historicalchronological methods, and institutional analysis tools. Their combination allowed for a combination of the macrohistorical context of the article with a micro-analysis of specific practices and decisions.

Results. The state set a threefold goal for the Boards of Public Sobriety: to reduce alcohol consumption; to educate the public about the harms of drunkenness; to create alternative forms of leisure as a socio-moral counterweight to drinking establishments. The Boards were granted both supervisory powers (monitoring the sale of alcohol) and cultural-organizational powers (opening tea houses, libraries, people’s houses, and holding readings and lectures). Factors contributing to their success included: the initiative of individual Board members; extensive educational efforts. Reasons for their failures included: bureaucratization of management; weak civic engagement; conflicting interests between the fiscal demands of the state liquor monopoly and anti-alcohol objectives; insufficient funding.

Conclusion. The Boards of Public Sobriety formally carried out a wide range of tasks, but their activities did not lead to a systemic reduction in alcohol consumption. The stated goals remained largely declarative. The key contradiction that caused the discrepancy between intent and reality was an institutional conflict. As part of the state’s financial system, the Boards were responsible for limiting the sale of a product that provided a significant portion of the Russian treasury’s revenue.

Relevance of this study is determined by the scientific significance of the problem, which, unfortunately, has not yet been addressed by historians. State peasants made up about half of the province's population and played an important role in its economy, but a comprehensive study of their situation has yet to be conducted, which limits our understanding of social life in the region.

The purpose – comprehensive study of the situation of the province's state peasants in the first half of the 19th century, with a focus on the 1830s and 1850s, when P.D. Kiselev's reform was implemented.

Objectives: to study farms, the degree of satisfaction of basic needs, payments, and the social conditions of peasants.

Methodology. The study is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, which involve the objective knowledge of the past and the study of phenomena in their development and connection with specific conditions. The use of general scientific, special historical, statistical, and other methods has increased the information content of the sources, thereby enhancing the validity of specific and conceptual conclusions.

Results. Peasants' land plots provided for their food needs and produced marketable products. Livestock farming was underdeveloped, which was one of the reasons for the peasants' insufficient consumption of protein-rich food. The social sphere was in its infancy. However, the anthropometric data of the recruits exceeded the national average.

Conclusin. The basic needs of the peasants, by the standards of the 19th century. they were mostly satisfied, excluding impoverished families. In general, the situation of the state peasants of the province corresponded to the level of socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. Therefore, it would be wrong to overly dramatize it.

Relevance. For the past few years, the judicial authorities of Russia and Belarus have been conducting investigations into the "timeless" crimes committed by the Nazis in the occupied territories of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, which are classified as genocide against the Soviet people. The study of the genocidal and scorchedearth policies implemented by the occupiers is currently an important area of research in Russian and Belarusian historiography. The lack of coverage of the involvement of French soldiers and officers in these policies makes this research particularly relevant.

The purpose of the article – based on the analysis of archival documents, some of which have been introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, to determine the circumstances of the participation of members of the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism in war crimes on the territory of the Byelorussian SSR during the Great Patriotic War.

Objectives: to identify the historical conditions of the participation of French legionnaires in the genocide of the Belarusian people during the war; to determine the types of war crimes committed by the French in the occupied territory of Belarus.

Methodology. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. General scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, classification method) and special historical methods are used: historical-genetic and historical-comparative.

Results. The study established the circumstances of the participation of French Legionnaires in the implementation of the Nazi policy of genocide in the occupied territory of Belarus during the Great Patriotic War. It identified the types of war crimes committed by French soldiers and officers against civilians in 1942-1944.

Conclusions. French legionnaires, as part of the Wehrmacht's security divisions, were directly involved in the implementation of the Nazi policy of genocide against the civilian population in Belarus, both during large-scale antipartisan operations and during independent raids and "cleansings." In addition to their involvement in the burning of villages, murders, rapes, and the forced deportation of local residents to forced labor in Germany, French soldiers were also known for their systematic looting and plundering.

Relevance. This study analyzes the material and domestic support for demobilized Soviet soldiers in the Chelyabinsk Region from 1945 to 1948. Its relevance lies in examining the understudied mechanisms of veteran adaptation and the distribution of supplies across demobilization waves, rural/urban areas, and different veteran groups.

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive study of the process of material and domestic support for veterans in the Chelyabinsk Region between 1945 and 1948.

Objectives. To achieve the research purpose, the following objectives were set: to examine the dynamics of supply for returning servicemen across individual districts of the region and to identify differences in provision between rural areas and cities.

The research methodology is based on the principles of social history, focusing on the interaction between a specific social group and local authorities. To address the stated objectives, statistical, historical-genetic, and historical-comparative methods were employed.

Results. The findings reveal critically low provision of repaired housing throughout the period. Analysis of fuel supply shows significant regional disparity, with major industrial centers receiving systematic coal deliveries while rural areas faced severe shortages. Financial aid was largely symbolic. The study identifies two distinct support models: an agrarian model focused on restoring personal household plots and an industrial model prioritizing fuel and manufactured goods.

The conclusion indicates that the reintegration management by various government levels was ineffective. The measures were fragmented, lacked a comprehensive approach, and were inadequate to the scale of post-war socio-economic problems, further constrained by a limited resource base.

Relevance. The Party and the government of the USSR, paying close attention to erasing the differences between the city and the countryside, launched an extensive state program of rural housing construction. This program was based on the construction of economical and well-equipped residential buildings using standard designs that took into account the specific characteristics of rural areas and the increased demands of the population for better living conditions. The study of the Soviet experience in rural development based on individual master plans can be useful in modern conditions.

Purpose. To analyze the process of rural housing construction in the Kursk region in the 1950-s and 1980-s.

Objectives: to study the legal framework for rural housing construction and identify problems with its implementation in the Kursk region.

Methodology. The study used the following methods of scientific cognition: historical, idiographic, analysis, synthesis, and generalization.

Results. Rural housing construction in the Kursk region was accompanied by numerous difficulties. These difficulties were related to the delay in developing master plans, poor organization of work, and irregular supply of construction materials and equipment. Mechanization was not used properly, and there was a lack of clear labor discipline. The constant monitoring by the regional authorities failed to align the rural housing construction process with the work plan.

Conclusion. During the study period, active rural housing construction was carried out in the Kursk region. However, despite the directives issued by the regional authorities and the planning of rural development, rural housing construction lagged behind the planned targets. This was due to shortcomings in the work of both design and construction organizations. The shortage of construction materials and insufficient funding hindered the implementation of plans for the construction of residential facilities in rural areas. Nevertheless, during the period under study, the old village was replaced by a new collective farm village with a new way of life, new types of buildings, and a new appearance.

Relevance. The study of the Great Patriotic War still has many uninvestigated aspects. The history of the Soviet bathhouse economy has long remained on the periphery of historical science. Recently, interest in this topic has grown within the framework of the history of everyday life and social history. Research into sanitary and hygienic infrastructure during the Great Patriotic War is important for understanding living conditions on the home front and measures to ensure social security. The paper introduces into scientific circulation for the first time archival data from the Chelyabinsk Oblast State Archive and the Magnitogorsk City Archive on the presented topic. The novelty of the study lies in the fact it is based on regional material concerning the history of the bathhouse economy during the Great Patriotic War.

Purpose of the study: to analyze the development and functioning of the bathhouse facilities in the cities of the Chelyabinsk Oblast during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945).

Objectives: to assess the state of the region's bathhouse facilities on the eve of the war; to identify key problems in its functioning during the wartime period (funding, material and technical base, fuel, personnel); to analyze the impact of these problems on the quality of services and the sanitary-epidemiological situation; to study the measures taken by the authorities to overcome the crisis.

Methodology. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity within the framework of the modernization approach. The following methods were used: historical-genetic (to analyze changes in dynamics), historical-comparative (to compare the situation in different cities), and historical-systemic (to consider the bathhouse economy as a complex system).

Results. The study and synthesis of archival sources allowed for an objective assessment of the problems of the bathhouse facilities in the cities of the Chelyabinsk Oblast during the Great Patriotic War.

Conclusions. By the beginning of the war, the bathhouse economy of the Chelyabinsk Oblast was already experiencing a systemic crisis, which was exacerbated by the war. Its operation was paralyzed by a set of problems (fuel, personnel, equipment), leading to a sharp drop in efficiency and creating a threat to the health of citizens. Despite this, public bathhouses remained a critically important, albeit scarce, tool for maintaining personal hygiene and combating epidemics on the home front.

Relevance. This article explores the development of the Tajik compositional school in the 20th–21st centuries as a core part of national musical culture. Its significance lies in understanding the formation and evolution of professional musical art in Tajikistan, its role in strengthening cultural identity, and the transmission of musical traditions within contemporary educational and cultural spaces. The findings can be applied in university courses on Tajik music history and in scholarly research on the compositional school.

Purpose. To identify the historical stages of the Tajik compositional school, trace patterns of its development, and assess its current state in the republic’s cultural and educational context.

Objectives. To examine the foundations of musical education, the contributions of early Tajik graduates from Soviet music schools, the characteristics of pedagogical schools in the second half of the 20th century, and trends in modernization and musical language renewal in the 21st century.

Methodology. Based on historical-genetic and comparative-analytical approaches, relying on scholarly publications and contemporary research in Tajik music and pedagogy.

Results. The Tajik composer school developed through a synthesis of folk and academic traditions. In the post-Soviet era, composers modernized genres, embraced digital technologies, and experimented with new forms while retaining national melodic roots.

Conclusion. Emphasizes that the Tajik composer school represents a living and evolving system in which tradition and innovation form a continuous line of cultural development.

Relevance. This article presents an overview of the 13th All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation "Human Rights: History, Theory, Practice" organized by the Department of Constitutional Law at Southwest State University. The conference was attended by renowned scholars, graduate students, undergraduates, and students from various universities across the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The purpose of this article is to present the results of the 13th All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation "Human Rights: History, Theory, Practice" held on November 14, 2025, at Southwest State University at the initiative of the Department of Constitutional Law.

Objectives: To highlight the key presentations of the conference participants and summarize the results of this scientific and practical event.

Methodology. A general scientific method of generalization was used to identify and document the overall results of the conference.

Results. This review summarizes the results of the XIII All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation "Human Rights: History, Theory, Practice" and provides a brief description of the keynote speeches delivered by conference participants, demonstrating a broad range of scientific interests and a fairly broad geographic representation.

Conclusions. The conference provided an opportunity for scholars to identify and discuss current issues in the field of human rights, while graduate students and undergraduates were able to become familiar with the cutting-edge ideas of leading scholars and test their own research. The conference provided a platform for discussing current theoretical and practical issues in the area of ensuring and upholding human rights and freedoms.