Relevance. In the context of dynamic socio-economic transformations and globalization, the role of the welfare state in Russia is becoming particularly important as a guarantor of social justice and sustainable development of society. Despite the consolidation of the status of a welfare state in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, there is no unified understanding of its essence and implementation mechanisms in Russian legal science and practice, which requires a deep theoretical, legal and historical analysis.

The purpose of the research is to systematize and analyze the main theoretical approaches to understanding the welfare state, to determine its essence in modern Russia through the prism of social justice and social policy, as well as to identify the features of its formation and implementation in the historical and legal context.

Objectives: to form a comprehensive definition of the welfare state, taking into account constitutional provisions, historical experience and modern social realities; to substantiate the role of social policy as a key instrument for the implementation of social obligations of the state and mechanisms for ensuring social justice.

Methodology. To achieve the purpose of the work, the methods of theoretical-legal and historical-legal analysis, the comparative-legal method, as well as a systematic integrated approach to the study of legal institutions were used.

Results. The multifaceted nature of the welfare state, including formal, legal and practical levels, is revealed. The key functions of social policy are defined: protective, regulatory, redistributive, preventive and integration. The article traces the evolution of the institution of the welfare state in Russia from a passive and institutional model to a more active one, taking into account the influence of the Soviet experience and modern challenges. The role of judicial practice in protecting the social rights of citizens is noted. A comparative analysis with foreign models of the welfare state is carried out.

Conclusion. The welfare state in Russia is a complex institution that is being formed under the influence of historical, legal, and socio-economic factors. To ensure social justice and sustainable development, it is necessary to further improve social policy, expand social guarantees and enhance interaction between state and non-State actors. Judicial protection of social rights plays an important role in the implementation of the constitutional principles of the welfare State.

Relevance. The progress of digital technologies penetrating all spheres of public life often requires experimentation. The state faces an equally important task - not only to ensure the correct introduction of modern technologies into public life with the help of legal mechanisms, but also to solve socio-economic problems. To achieve its goals, the state strives for fair and stable legislation. However, the legislator cannot always accurately predict how legal norms regulating digital technologies will work in practice. Experiments act as a way to test the effectiveness of experimental legislation. In the field of digital technologies, a form of experimental legal regimes is used; in the tax sphere, legal experimentation is used. However, modern science requires a detailed consideration of legal experimentation, taking into account the emergence of a new type of experimental rulemaking.

Purpose. To identify the signs of legal experiments on the example of tax on professional income.

Objective: examine the professional income tax from the perspective of legal experiment; compare legal experiment and experimental legal regime; identify the distinctive features of legal experiment.

Methodology. In the framework of the research such general scientific methods as deduction and analysis. As well as methods of legal science: formal-legal and comparative-legal.

Results. It was revealed five signs of legal experiment: 1) experimental-legal norms; 2) testing of the created model of legal regulation and revealing its effectiveness; 3) limited territory, time period and circle of persons; 4) regulation from new social relations; 5) absence of serious changes in the existing legal norms.

Conclusion. The essence of a legal experiment is to test a temporary model of legal regulation to solve a certain problem. The key aspect of the legal experiment is the application of experimental norms, and its purpose is to assess their potential effectiveness.

Relevance. At the present stage of business development in Russia, intangible assets that affect the legal status, cost, and competitive advantages of an enterprise have become of particular importance. When making transactions, the parties must take into account the positive reputation of the business, established connections, and brand awareness, but such legal relations are not properly regulated at the legislative level. Therefore, there is a practical need to introduce the "goodwill institute" into the legal field.

Purpose. The main purpose is to define the concept of "goodwill"

Objectives: highlight its main elements, and propose legislative consolidation of provisions on intangible assets of enterprises.

Methodology. The methods used in the research are desk review of relevant works, statistics, interpretation of legal norms, comparative analysis, induction, deduction.

Result. Based on the results of the study, the author's definition of "goodwill" was proposed. The following elements are highlighted in the goodwill composition: a positive reputation of the company; a location that attracts regular customers; a company name that is well-known, reputable and trustworthy; regular customers and strong ties with suppliers of goods and services; competitive goods and services in high demand, and qualified employees.

Conclusion. The necessity of supplementing Clause 2 of Article 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with a legal provision stating that an enterprise as a property complex includes not only tangible assets, exclusive rights, commercial designation, trademarks, service marks, but also intangible assets such as reputation, clientele, business connections, location.

Relevance. Consumer protection has been the mainstream of market relations development for decades. And despite the fact that scientific interest in the issue can hardly be called satisfactory, over the past few years, legislators and law enforcement officers have been quite successful in implementing the basic principles of consumer protection. The Russian consumer protection system is very effective in dealing with violations in the consumer market. The Russian legislator is responding to the large-scale development and emergence of new types of entrepreneurial activity, including in the digital space. The convergence of the national legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is an objective process. Under such circumstances, the adoption of the Uniform Rules in the field of consumer protection is relevant and timely.

Purpose is to establish the content of the Uniform Rules in the field of consumer protection, approved by the Decree of the Supreme State Council of the Union State.

Objectives are to determine the qualitative differences in the content of the Uniform Rules and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights"; to identify contradictions and shortcomings in the content of the Uniform Rules; to reveal the features of the mechanism for protecting consumer rights under the Uniform Rules.

Methodology. The article is based on the methods of analysis, description, generalization, formal-legal and systemic methods.

Results. In the course of the conducted research, it was found that the approach to consumer protection laid down in the Uniform Rules is based on the unification of Russian and Belarusian legislation on consumer protection. At the same time, in a number of key cases that determine both the exercise of consumer rights and their protection, the content of the Uniform Rules appears ill-considered and contradictory, which will cause significant difficulties in its application in the context of a real conflict.

Conclusion. The application of Uniform Rules may significantly affect the mechanism of civil protection of consumer rights in Russia. At the same time, their adoption has created legal uncertainty for the counterparties of consumers.

Relevance. Modern economic and legal studies based on extensive observations of the state of corporate legislation and the qualitative composition of corporate participants ("ownership structure") indicate a high mobility of the shareholder corps in most legal systems. Russian criminal law, which classifies employees of state-controlled jointstock companies as persons who may commit official crimes, is focused on the stability of the subject composition of corporate participants. This indicates a conflict of premises underlying the norms of Russian corporate and criminal legislation.

The purpose of this study is to identify the institutional cause of the occurrence of failures in the intersectoral interaction of legal norms and determine a strategy for their prevention in the future based on an analysis of the legislator's decision to classify employees of business entities controlled by public-law entities as subjects of official crimes and relevant law enforcement practice.

Research objectives: to determine economic and legal approaches to the analysis of the composition of participants in commercial corporations ("ownership structure"); to establish the degree of transparency of the shareholder composition for potential subjects of official crimes; to identify cases of incorrect use of the categorical apparatus of corporate law in the construction of criminal law norms; to propose an institutional solution to the problem of the lack of competence in related legal areas among drafters.

Methodology. Formal-legal, comparative-legal, specific-historical and system-legal methods are used, as well as methods of legal observation and legal forecasting.

Results. The difficulties of law enforcement resulting from the erasure of clear boundaries between crimes against the interests of service in commercial and other organizations (Chapter 23 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and crimes against state power, the interests of civil service and service in local government bodies (Chapter 30 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) are demonstrated.

Conclusions. There is a need to create a body from representatives of the legal community that would perform the functions of a «filter of bills» on the methodological basis and practices developed by the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Codification and Improvement of Civil Legislation, as well as the experience of other countries.

The relevance of the study is due to the need for theoretical and legal understanding of the inheritance contract as a relatively new for the Russian legal system institute included in the civil legislation in 2019. Despite its enshrinement in Article 1140.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the legal nature and constructive features of the inheritance contract continue to cause scientific disputes and practical difficulties. The lack of established judicial practice, uncertainty in the issues of liability of the parties, admissibility of unilateral refusal, as well as correlation with the will as a classic form of disposition of property in case of death - all this predetermines the need for doctrinal analysis. Especially important is the task of developing legal mechanisms capable of balancing the interests of the parties without violating the principles of civil law, including freedom of contract and inviolability of property.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the legal nature of the inheritance contract, to identify its doctrinal and practical contradictions, as well as to formulate proposals to improve legal regulation.

The objectives of the study include the analysis of the legal nature of the inheritance contract, assessment of doctrinal positions and judicial practice, identification of internal contradictions of Article 1140.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the development of proposals to optimize the mechanisms of liability and contractual balance.

The methodology is based on formal-legal, comparative-legal and logical-dogmatic approaches, which allowed to identify legal conflicts, evaluate foreign models and justify the need for dispositive adjustment of the institute of inheritance contract.

The results of the study confirmed the independent nature of the inheritance contract, disproved its sham, identified gaps in judicial practice, proposed a model of dispositive security of obligations and outlined the directions of harmonization of Article 1140.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with the principles of civil law.

The conclusion confirmed the need for normative and doctrinal rethinking of the inheritance contract as a legal form that requires dispositive adjustment and judicial specification of liability mechanisms for its unilateral breach.

The relevance of the use of artificial intelligence in judicial interpretation of law is due to the fact that modern information technologies make it possible to improve the quality and accessibility of justice based on the automation of not only routine data processing operations, but also the semantic processing of information. The use of artificial intelligence in the legal interpretation of legal norms necessitates the solution of a number of scientific problems related to both legal and technological aspects of automatic semantic data processing using cognitive systems.

The purpose of this study is to determine the limits of automation of the processes of interpretation and semantic processing of information in judicial interpretation of law, as well as theoretical provisions for the creation of explainable artificial intelligence.

Objectives: to establish theoretical and legal foundations for the use of explainable artificial intelligence in the field of jurisprudence; study the processes of representation and automated processing of regulatory and legal information in heuristic cognitive systems and neural systems of artificial intelligence; prepare recommendations for improving the regulatory and legal framework for the interpretation of legislation, taking into account the possibilities of using explainable artificial intelligence.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the scientific research was the dialectical method of cognition of phenomena and processes of the surrounding reality. In the course of developing the theoretical provisions of the work, a set of general scientific and specific scientific research methods (formal-logical, prognostic, formal-legal, etc.) was used to solve the interdisciplinary scientific problem of determining the theoretical and legal foundations for the use of explainable artificial intelligence in jurisprudence.

Results. The obtained results of the scientific research provide the opportunity to improve the regulatory and technological framework that establishes the principles of using explainable artificial intelligence in jurisprudence.

Conclusion. The theoretical and legal basis for the application of explainable artificial intelligence in jurisprudence in the interpretation of legislation and semantic processing of information is the scientific and methodological apparatus for verifying the rules of production of heuristic systems of artificial intelligence and verbalization of artificial neural networks.

Relevance. In recent years, the video game industry has emerged as one of the fastest-growing sectors of the modern digital economy. There is also a lack of up-to-date judicial practice in Russia related to the copyright protection of video games. In the context of an ongoing academic debate over the copyright regime applicable to video games, comparative legal analysis of foreign approaches - particularly that of China, which currently forms the world’s largest video game market - becomes increasingly significant.

The purpose of this study is to identify the legal nature of video games and the specific features of their copyright protection under Chinese law.

Objective: the research aims to analyze the existing approaches in Chinese legal and judicial practice to the qualification of video games and their constituent creative components as copyrightable subject matter, and to examine the specificities of copyright protection applied to video games in China.

Methodology. The article employs the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, description, as well as the systemic, formal-legal, and comparative-legal methods.

Results. The research demonstrates that Chinese copyright law does not explicitly define video games as a separate category of protected works. Traditionally, they have been treated as a form of computer program. As a result, Chinese courts have developed alternative approaches to determining the legal nature of video games and their components. These include: (1) the “component-based” approach, under which a game is treated as a compilation of independently protected works; and (2) the qualification of video games as “quasi-cinematographic” or “audiovisual works.” Each of these approaches has its strengths and weaknesses. In this regard, some Chinese legal scholars advocate for treating video games as “other works” deserving copyright protection under a residual clause in Article 3 of the PRC Copyright Law.

Conclusion. The Chinese legal experience examined in this article may be considered in the further theoretical understanding of the legal nature of video games and their copyright protection in Russian legal scholarship. It may also serve as a basis for adapting Russian legislation to more effectively regulate intellectual property in the video game industry.

Relevance. A set of challenges and threats in various areas of public administration, the economy, and the socio-cultural sphere, require the development and implementation of a new state policy or the correction of the current one. Currently, a number of strategic planning documents that are fundamentally important for the entire state and society have been adopted. However, their significance is not universally recognized at the theoretical and practical levels, which reduces their value, slows down the work on new federal laws, and can also distort law enforcement practices.

The purpose is to develop recommendations for improving the practice of using strategic planning documents based on their purpose, as well as approaches to understanding the sources of legal policy, including in the field of civil and family law.

Objectives: to establish the significance of strategic planning documents for the state policy in the field of civil and family legal relations.

Methodology. The study used the dialectical-materialistic method, the system method, the analysis and synthesis method, and the formal-legal method. The results of the study are reflected in the formulated proposals aimed at improving project legislation, as well as the practice of working with strategic planning documents in law enforcement practice.

Conclusion. The study substantiated the position that strategic planning documents, due to their relative novelty, should be classified as special or atypical sources of civil and family law in Russia. Their provisions serve as the main guidelines for creating new and improving existing norms of domestic civil and family legislation, as well as for law enforcement practice.

Relevance. The issues of further development of housing law have long been debatable for civil scholars: several directions of its development are proposed and discussed. The relevance of the issue lies in the fact that for the formation of the rules of law of the branch in the future, it is necessary to understand for what purposes and to solve what tasks of the state this branch should serve, so it is necessary to develop various hypotheses of the development of housing law and its principles, and accordingly test them: to prove or disprove. The author, in the work proposes actual now and in the future goals and objectives of the state and puts forward a hypothesis about the transformation of housing law into an infrastructural law, where these goals will be realized, proving and arguing his point of view.

The purpose ‒ to form a hypothesis of future development of the housing law branch and its principles.

Objectives: analyze the development of the housing law sector; analyze the hypothesis of transformation of housing law into infrastructure law; propose the concept of principles of infrastructure law.

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectical method of arguing one's position, analytical method, comparative analysis were used.

Results. The author formulated a hypothesis of transformation of housing law into infrastructure law. Defined the subject and object of infrastructural law. Formulated the basic principles of infrastructural law.

Conclusion. As a result of the hypothesis proposed by the author about the transformation of housing law into infrastructure law, theoretical statements describing the main directions of the development of modern housing law in the future and its supposed principles are made. The arguments proving the hypothesis are offered.

Relevance. Analyzes the specifics of protecting the right to freedom and personal integrity when applying measures of influence to a minor in administrative proceedings. Ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of a juvenile offender requires a special approach, since it is necessary not only to guarantee the observance of his rights and freedoms, but also to exert a certain educational influence on him.

The purpose is based on the study of the practical implementation of the established special judicial procedure for the placement of juvenile offenders in a temporary detention center.

The objectives of the study are to identify and analyze the effectiveness of preventive measures against juvenile offenders and issues arising in law enforcement practice.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and private scientific research methods: logical, comparative legal and formal legal. The results of the study revealed issues in the implementation of the provisions of the legislation on the prevention of juvenile delinquency, requiring analysis and making appropriate changes. Conclusion. The placement of a minor in a temporary detention center for juvenile offenders is used solely as a temporary measure of influence. The article substantiates the provision on the expediency of legislatively establishing alternative measures of influence so that the court could apply them in case of refusal to place them in a special center, indicating them in the instruction to parents. Proposals have been formulated to amend the legislation on administrative proceedings governing the rules of territorial jurisdiction, the list of evidence in the case, the timing of the appeal and consideration of cases during the revision of judicial acts. An additional guarantee for the protection of the interests of juvenile offenders is the provision on the mandatory appointment of a lawyer as a representative in all administrative cases.

Relevance. The modern judicial system of the Russian Federation operates in an environment where the role of legal principles as the basis for legality, fairness, and efficiency in civil proceedings is increasing. However, law enforcement faces challenges due to the lack of a unified and clearly structured list of principles, differences in their legal regulation, and ambiguous interpretations. In the context of digitalization and legal system reforms, it is crucial to address the fragmented legal regulation of the fundamentals of civil proceedings.

Purpose ‒ to identify and theoretically substantiate systemic contradictions between the scientific understanding and legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings, which hinder the uniformity of judicial practice.

Objectives: Generalize and systematize the existing approaches in legal science to the classification of the principles of civil proceedings on three grounds: the scope of action, the object of legal regulation, and the source of legislative consolidation; Identify gaps and contradictions in the legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings in the Russian legal system.

Methodology. The study is based on the dialectical method, formal legal and comparative legal analysis, logical generalization, as well as systematic and historical-legal approaches. This comprehensive methodology ensured an integrated examination of the issue from both theoretical and practical perspectives.

Results. Gaps and contradictions in the legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings in the Russian legal system have been identified, confirming their fragmented nature. The actual influence of scientifically substantiated but not legally enshrined principles (objective truth, procedural activity of the court, and dispositivity) on the practice of law application has been established.

Conclusion. There is an objective need to overcome the fragmentation of legislative consolidation of the principles of civil proceedings, which makes it a promising area for further research to develop scientifically grounded proposals for optimizing the interaction of regulatory and doctrinal principles of civil proceedings aimed at strengthening the systemic coherence of civil procedural legislation.

Relevance. The process of determining professional criminality is complex and multifaceted. “Traditional” criminals embark on the criminal path of a professional criminal due to the impact of many reasons developing in different spheres of life (socio-economic, spiritual, political), while the most controversial issue is the formation of the “personnel base” of professional crime as a whole. The answer to this question will make it possible to develop a truly effective system for countering the process of determining criminal professionalism and identify measures to prevent professional crime as a modern threat to society and the state.

The purpose to identify the interdependence of juvenile delinquency and professional delinquency in the context of the transformation of Russian society and the state and to make recommendations on countering the criminal phenomenon under consideration, taking into account the identified relationships.

Objectives: to assess the process of forming the “personnel base” of professional crime in Russia in historical retrospect; to analyze the current impact of domestic juvenile delinquency on professional crime; to determine the directions of countering modern professional crime in Russia, taking into account the formation of its “personnel base” among juvenile offenders.

Methodology. The work used such general and specially scientific research methods as historical-legal, comparative-legal, the method of analysis, synthesis, generalization. The results of the study.

The results of the study. It is determined that juvenile delinquency in different historical periods of the development of the Russian state (including in modern times) is the “personnel base” of professional crime. As a result, criminalization of the environment of minors automatically leads to self-determination of the community of professional criminals.

Conclusion. Due to the perception by “professionals” of juvenile delinquents as future “colleagues” in the criminal “craft” in order to counter this type of crime, it is necessary to use both traditional measures to combat this dangerous antisocial phenomenon and special measures to prevent the involvement of children and adolescents in professional criminal activities.

Relevance. The legal nature of inaction as a form of criminal behavior remains controversial due to the difficulty of distinguishing between criminally punishable inaction and ordinary passive behavior. Making a correct assessment of an individual's passive illegal behavior is more difficult than qualifying his active illegal actions, especially when the purpose of his inaction is not obvious. In this regard, an in-depth study of the purposefulness of passive behavior is required to determine the impact of the purpose of criminally punishable inaction on the qualification of crimes.

The purpose of the study is to form a scientific understanding of the purpose of criminally punishable inaction, based on this, to develop an algorithm for qualifying intentional and reckless inaction.

Objectives: to characterize the purposefulness of an individual's passive behavior; to correlate it with the purposefulness of unlawful, socially dangerous inaction; to identify the features of the purpose of the subject's behavior that have criminal significance.

The research methodology was based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition of objective reality. Among them are the dialectical method, methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, and the formal logical method.

Results. Passive behavior of an individual and criminally punishable inaction are characterized and correlated, and their definitions are given. The pattern of purposeful behavior is determined. The peculiarities of purposefulness of passive behavior, which have criminal legal significance, are revealed. An algorithm for the qualification of intentional and careless inaction is formulated.

Conclusions. The results of this study contribute to a deeper scientific understanding of the impact of the purpose of criminally punishable inaction on the qualification of crimes. Any volitional and conscious human activity is characterized by purposefulness. The purpose of an individual's behavior influences qualifications not only in connection with its consolidation in the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but also based on the characteristics of human behavior as a whole. When qualifying inaction, in addition to the purpose of passive behavior of the subject, it is necessary to evaluate his past experience, accumulated knowledge or competencies.

The relevance of this research is determined by the increasing role of traditional spiritual and moral values in shaping national identity and ensuring the sovereignty of the Russian Federation amidst contemporary geopolitical challenges. In the context of global transformations and attempts to undermine Russia's historical experience, an objective understanding of the genesis and evolution of domestic values, and their role in social consolidation and state-building, represents a key scientific and practical task. Generalizing the historical experience of the formation of spiritual and moral values and their influence on the worldview of citizens allows for the articulation of the authors' position on the stated topic.

The purpose of the research is to provide a scientific assessment of the historical process of the formation and consolidation of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, and to analyze their significance in the context of modern challenges.

Objectives: Identify and systematize the key values mentioned in Presidential Decree of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022; trace their historical continuity from Ancient Rus' to the present day; reveal the interrelationship between values, worldview, patriotism, and heroism.

Methodology. The research is based on the fundamental principles of objectivity, historicism, and a systemic approach. The work utilized a complex of complementary general scientific and special historical methods, including problem-chronological and retrospective analysis. The application of this set of methods allowed for the depiction of the multifaceted nature of spiritual and moral values, their dynamics, and their influence on various spheres of Russian society's life throughout centuries.

Results. The article reveals the historically determined nature of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, proving their inseparable connection with Russia's civilizational code. It demonstrates how values such as life, dignity, justice, family, labor, collectivism, historical memory, civic consciousness, patriotism, and heroism were forged in the crucible of Russia's complex history and served as a foundation for the state's survival and development. Based on extensive factual material, including examples from the Great Patriotic War, an assessment is given of the manifestation of these values in extreme conditions.

Conclusions. Traditional Russian spiritual and moral values are not an imported construct but an organic part of Russia's historical development and its civilizational identity. They serve as a powerful factor in consolidating society, forming national self-awareness, and ensuring the strategic stability of the state. The actualization and deep scientific understanding of these values in the face of contemporary challenges is a key direction for further interdisciplinary research that contributes to strengthening the foundations of Russian statehood.

The relevance of the research topic is related to the importance of academic understanding of traditional society adaptation patterns to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the realities of modernization, as well as the heuristic value of studying the features of the Old Believer culture of the late Imperial period.

The purpose of the study is to characterize the features of the discussions that unfolded in the early 20th century on the pages of Old Believer journals about the possibility of using various achievements of progress.

Objectives: to show what new things and phenomena could cause skepticism among traditionalist believers; to consider the reasons for this attitude; to characterize the position of magazines regarding the permissibility of certain innovations in individual or social life.

Methodology. In the course of working with publications, traditional methods of textual analysis were used. The methods of description, comparison, and historical induction were used by the author to interpret the data obtained. The theoretical basis of the research was the theory of catch-up modernization.

Results. In the course of the analysis the discussions that unfolded in the Orthodox environment about the possibilities of using a gramophone, kerosene lamps, matches, electrical appliances, lightning rods, as well as the practices of vaccination and property insurance are considered. It is demonstrated that the most consistent opponents of innovations were the provincial Old Believers.

Conclusions. The paper shows that the arguments of the traditionalists were religious in nature. In their eyes, progress was dehumanizing, replacing human efforts with soulless mechanisms. Technological innovations and unusual social practices revealed a distortion of God-ordained nature and a violation of the natural order of things. Latently, the negative assessment of certain "new products" was influenced by their foreign origin. The introduction of the latter gave rise to a division among the Old Believers into supporters and opponents of the improvement of traditional life. The Old Believer intelligentsia, including those represented on the editorial boards of journals, considered it possible to use new technical means and public practices, and popular Old Believer journals regularly urged their readers to rationally evaluate innovations and consider them as tools for the proper organization of earthly life.

The relevance of the work is determined by the ongoing process of improving the system of local selfgovernment in the Russian Federation, the qualitative implementation of which depends on a comprehensive study of the activities of municipal structures, including in historical retrospect.

The purpose of the research: to analyze the activities of urban self–government bodies to ensure fire safety on the example of the county towns of Kursk province in the late XIX - early XX century.

Objectives: to determine the powers of city councils and administrations in the field under study; to characterize the practice of urban fire prevention; to identify current trends and problems of fire safety.

Methods. The methodological basis of the research was the general scientific method of analysis, the statistical method, the systematic approach, as well as the principles of objectivity and historicism.

Results. The competence of the city government bodies included taking care of fire precautions and participating in the management of mutual property insurance against fire. The whole range of functions in this area can be divided into several interrelated areas: monitoring compliance with fire safety requirements during construction and planning of urban areas, organization of preventive measures, maintenance of fire brigades, as well as protection of the property interests of the population affected by fires.

Conclusions. The activities of city self-government bodies to ensure fire safety represented a complex area, which included both powers and responsibilities. The cities actively implemented law-making initiatives, forming a base of fire-fighting measures for local residents. Municipal responsibilities for the maintenance of the fire department conflicted with the problem of filling city budgets, as a result, executive delays provoked the intervention of the police and the provincial administration. In general, fire prevention activities in cities seem to be a dynamically developing area of landscaping, in which municipalities mainly played an organizational role.

The relevance of the work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectory of the diverse ethnic and religious communities inhabiting the multifaceted and multicultural region known as the Crimean peninsula.

The purpose of the research is to analysis of the spiritual and legal activities of Karaite confessional selfgoverning bodies in the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Objectives: The study of the process of formation of Karaite confessional self-government bodies after the annexation of Crimea to Russia, as well as their hierarchy and subordination; analysis of the main aspects of the activities of the Taurida and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Board and the Troky (aka Trakai) Karaite Spiritual board, related to the spiritual and legal sphere; and characterization of the functional duties of staff in these institutions.

Methods. During the process of working with archival materials, the author employed a variety of methods, including heuristics, hermeneutics, correlation, actualization, comparative historical analysis, and chronological and retrospective approaches. Results. The article analyzes the spiritual and legal activities of Karaite confessional self-government bodies in the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. Based on identified archival documents, it considers the most characteristic aspects of this work, such as registration of civil status documents, making decisions on marriage between Karaites and members of other faiths or proselytes, cases of divorce, and spiritual wills. It also collects statistical information about Karaite population.

Conclusions. The primary objective of the Taurida and Odessa Karaite Religious Boards, as well as the Troki Karaite Religious Board, was to orchestrate and oversee the internal operations of Karaite communities within the Russian Empire. Their responsibilities encompassed the administration of religious ceremonies, the compilation of vital statistics pertaining to births, marriages, and deaths among the Karaite populace, as well as maintaining communication channels with higher-level administrative authorities with the aim of consolidating Russia’s presence in these regions. Of paramount importance in their operations was their engagement in spiritual and legal activities.

Relevance. The socio-demographic processes of the pre-war period and the period of the Great Patriotic war played a leading role in the formation of the mobilization and labor base of the country. They remain largely decisive for the post-war, up to the present time, generations of Russian citizens. The regional aspect of the problem allows not only to reveal the impact of global shocks on regional communities, but also to study, predict and prevent negative phenomena in the field of socio-demographic development.

The purpose of the study is to summarize and verify known facts on the demographic development of the Adyghe Autonomous region in the pre-war, war and post-war periods.

The objectives of the study are to systematize the available information on the population size and development of demographic structures of the Adyghe Autonomous region in the 1930s–1950s, as well as to determine the degree of influence of global and regional historical trends on them, such as the socialist transformation of the economy in the 1930s and the Great Patriotic war.

Methodology. In preparing the work, the fundamental principles of historical science (historicism and objectivity) were used, as well as a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical, historical-genetic, statistical, etc.).

Results. The study established that the Adyghe Autonomous region in the 1930s and 1940s developed in the context of global upheavals common to the population of the USSR. This led to a number of negative phenomena in the demographic sphere: a decline in the birth rate, deformation of demographic structures, excess mortality of the population, and the creation of prerequisites for a demographic crisis. The relative stabilization of the 1950s contributed to the recovery of the region after the Great Patriotic war and significant rates of natural and migration population growth. However, the region never fully recovered demographically.

Conclusion. The upheavals of the 1930s and 1940s had an extremely negative impact on the population of the Adyghe Autonomous Region, which became the root cause of the future demographic crisis. Its further study and deepening of knowledge about the influence of global historical events on the demographic development of regional communities is required using the example of the Adyghe autonomous region.

Relevance. The relevance of this study is due to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the history of the development of local self-government in Bashkortostan, which is associated with a number of unresolved issues of both legal and governmental, as well as general philosophical, sociological and political nature. The issues of the development of local self-government in Bashkortostan, as an integral part of the all-Russian process, are under active reform, which leads to the search for optimal models of democratic development. An important aspect is the study of the internal contradictions and political fragmentation of Bashkiria, which predetermined the gradual nature of its accession to Russia. The period from 1864 to 1917 is characterized by special attention to local selfgovernment and the impact of zemstvo and city reforms on the Bashkir population, as well as the restrictions caused by the colonial policy of the Russian Empire.

The purpose of this study is a comprehensive study of the institution of local self-government, as well as the identification and analysis of its impact on the formation and development of the social, political and cultural identity of the Bashkir people as an important component of their historical identity and ethno-cultural identity.

Objectives of the study are to reflect the entire reality that took place after the Bashkirs joined the Russian Empire.

Methodology. The study used such methods of scientific knowledge as historical, comparative, method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization, as well as some other methods.

Results. The study established that even with the introduction of local self-government, the position of the Bashkirs did not change significantly, and they continued to be deprived of political self-determination and national autonomy.

Conclusion. It was established that, despite the presence of volost elders representing the interests of the Bashkirs and Tatars, key management positions remained with the great Russian landowners and officials who showed no interest in the national needs of the oppressed peoples.

Relevance. Currently, the task of forming and developing scientific schools is relevant for the higher education system. This puts on the agenda of research on the problems of the "scientific school": defining the concept itself, the principles of creating a scientific school, its activities and viability.

Purpose – to identify the principles of the scientific school that contribute to its formation and development Objective: to study the memoirs of different generations of historians whose scientific activity unfolded within the framework of one scientific school; to identify the characteristic features of the scientific school that ensured its development; to trace the continuity of the qualities of a mentor passed down from generation to generation within the scientific school.

The research methodology includes comparative historical and systematic approaches, principles of objectivity and historicism, an empirical method of data collection based on the identification of historical sources - memoirs of representatives of different generations of historians and their source analysis.

Results. From generation to generation of St. Petersburg (Leningrad) historians during the 20th century. not only the methodological foundations and topics of scientific research were transmitted, but also the moral qualities that a mentor should possess. Demandingness towards oneself and towards students, and at the same time respect for the individual, intelligence and nobility were the ethical principles of this scientific school.

Conclusion. The continuity of the ideas of the St. Petersburg historical school consisted not only and not so much in the general principles of scientific and teaching activities, but also in the moral standard laid down by its founder A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky.