Relevance. The ongoing reform of the legal system in the Russian Federation also affects the sphere of civil legislation. There is a pluralism of opinions in the civil law doctrine regarding the further structuring of the legal system, in particular, the expediency of separating the branches of business law and commercial law. Being the most extensive and requiring significant intellectual and time resources form of systematization of normative legal acts, the process of codification is accompanied by certain difficulties at each historical stage of the development of the state. For example, the discussion about the feasibility of separate codification of commercial and civil legislation existed among representatives of legal science in the middle of the XIX century and remains relevant to this day. Also, the problem of the extension of the Civil Code of the late XIX-early XX centuries. the entire territory of the multinational state was relevant for the pre-revolutionary legal system.
The purpose of the article is to study the views of pre-revolutionary civil scientists on the problems of the development of civil legislation in the Russian Empire.
The objectives of the research are the analysis of pre-revolutionary monographic and periodical sources, as well as the disclosure of the main problematic issues in the development of systematization and structuring of prerevolutionary civil legislation.
Methodology. Dialectical, historical, and comparative-legal methods are used as the methodological basis of the study.
Results of the study allowed us to draw certain conclusions about the orientation of the views of prerevolutionary civil scientists on the problems of the development of civil legislation in the Russian Empire.
Conclusion. The author managed to establish that 1) regarding the areas of codification activity in the period under study, two main points of view emerged, according to which it would be possible to create a single unified act, or to conduct a separate codification of the norms of civil legislation in the center and outskirts of the Russian Empire (V. D. Spasovich, N. A. Tur); 2) regarding the problem of structuring the civil law branch, the researchers ' positions were also divided into 2 points of view, namely: the need for separate codification of commercial and civil law (V. N. Leshkov, N. A. Tur, O. Ya. Parchment, P. P. Tsitovich), and the inclusion of commercial law in the sphere of legislative regulation of civil law (V. D. Spasovich).

Relevance. This article discusses the sources of Moldovan law of the XVI - XVII centuries, as well as the main factors of influence on the processes of the formation of Moldovan feudal law. Among the factors are indicated by the Roman-Byzantine factor, the Slavic factor, the factor of Germanic wagism. The question of the role and place of some sources of Moldavian feudal law and is currently remaining discussion. Insufficient study of the sources of the Moldovan Right of the XVI - XVII centuries, determines the issues of this study.
The purpose of the study is to determine the factors of influence on the processes of the formation of Moldovan feudal law and the study of the main sources of the right of the period under consideration.
The objectives of this scientific study can be defined as follows: to analyze the historical factors that influenced the Moldovan law; Consider the main sources of the rights of the XVI - XVII centuries.
Methodology. The article rests on the principles of historicism, methods of objectivity and scientific relations; Chronological, historical and comparative approaches.
The results of scientific research have made it possible to draw conclusions about the ambiguity and disputes of individual sources of the right of Moldova XVI - XVII centuries.
Conclusin. It was concluded that the assignment of some sources of Moldavian law by the period of the XVIXVII centuries. It seems controversial. Contrary to the common opinion of the hexagonge of Armenopulus and Vasiliki, most likely, they were distributed only from the XVIII century. Despite the ambiguity in understanding the place of legal custom, among the sources of medieval Moldovan law, fully denying his role as a source of law seems not true. This question requires further comprehensive study. Such sources of Moldovan law as "surrender" require further research.

Relevance. The authors review the problem of the implementation of the reproductive rights of persons with mental disorders, focusing on the public-legal aspects of birth control in this social group. The relevance of the study is due to the urgent need to resolve the demographic issue as one of the directions of state policy, which at the same time implies adequate control over childbearing among people with mental disorders. The significance of the study for determining the gender status of a person with mental disorder is particularly noteworthy.
The purpose of the study is to identify the features associated with the implementation of reproductive rights by persons with mental disorders, and features of the control carried out in this area.
Objectives: identifying the presence of prohibitions and restrictions related to mental health conditions of a citizen in family legislation; determining the prerequisites for changing the state's position on the formation of a list of social indications for artificial termination of pregnancy; studying the mechanism of influence on the reproductive function of women with mental disorders; identifying legally significant circumstances that characterize the conditions for the implementation of the right to motherhood of a woman with a mental disorder; consideration of the implementation of reproductive rights by men with mental disorders.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the study consists of the dialectical-materialistic method of scientific cognition. In the study there were used general scientific and private scientific methods of scientific cognition: system, analysis and synthesis, logical, comparative legal, formal legal and others.
The results of the study are characterized by a complex, theoretical and applicable nature, which is the basis for the development of the discussion on the topic of the study.
Conclusions. The article presents a number of reasoned conclusions about the existing gaps and shortcomings in the mechanism of legal regulation of the relevant relations, as well as about the trends in the formation of law enforcement practice from the point of view of the correlation of private and public interests in the implementation of reproductive rights by persons with mental disorders.

Relevance. The pandemic in 2020 caused a rapid growth of the interest in social networks as a platform for doing business. Previously this area of the Internet business seemed interesting and perspective but had little impact on economic development. The entrepreneurial activity through social networks has not been the subject of independent scientific research, but relations are developing and create precedents, the resolution of which does not have a solid and adequate legal basis and often even the possibility of applying norms by analogy. The issue of determining the legal nature of a social media account has not still resolved. The small number of judicial practice does not reflect the specifics of protecting the rights of participants in relations arising from the use of an account in a social network. The dynamics of the studied relations requires the development of certain approaches of private law to the object of research, as well as consideration of the creation of a new phenomenon "the law of social networks".
The purpose of the research is to create the foundations of the theory of social network law in terms of the process of development of private law in the framework of entrepreneurial activity.
Objectives: to identify specific features of doing business in social networks; to determine the legal nature of the account in the social network; to study judicial practice; to determine the direction of further development of the law of social networks.
Methodology. In the study there were used the dialectical-materialistic method, the system method, the methods of analysis and synthesis, and the formal-legal method.
The results of the study are of a theoretical and applicable nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of atypical kinds of civil legal relations.
Conclusions. The conclusions made made by the author are of a debatable nature, aimed at continuing of research within the framework of the stated topic and at forming the law of social networks, allowing to bring the emerging legal relations to a new level of legal regulation. The article is a continuation of the previous author's scientific researches on atypical forms of legal relations that require legislative registration.

Relevance. To build an innovative economy in Russia, it is necessary to conduct a socio-economic policy that would create favorable conditions for creative activity and the subsequent commercialization of rights to its results. This presupposes the active functioning of various organizations created to exercise and protect intellectual property rights. These should, first of all, include organizations involved in the collective management of copyright and related rights, public organizations and creative unions. However, despite the very significant role of various public organizations and creative unions, which they play in the development of the sphere of intellectual property in Russia, their functions and powers are not enshrined in Part 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). This is a significant gap in Russian civil legislation, since it does not allow these organizations to fully realize their organizational and legal potential.
The purpose of the study is to formulate the theoretical foundations of the legal regulation of the activities of organizations created for the implementation and protection of intellectual rights, according to the legislation of Russia.
Objectives: to identify the features of the legal regulation of the status of non-profit organizations operating in the field of the implementation and protection of intellectual rights in Russia; determine the legal nature of these organizations; study international agreements in the field of intellectual property; to determine the directions of further development of legal regulation of the activities of non-profit organizations in the field of implementation and protection of intellectual rights.
Methodology. When writing the work, the dialectical materialist method, the systemic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, and the formal legal method were used. The research results are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal protection of intellectual property rights.
Conclusions. The author concludes that there is no detailed legal regulation of the activities of a special type of legal entities - organizations created for the implementation and protection of intellectual rights, both at the international and national levels. General provisions of civil legislation on legal entities do not take into account the specifics of the scope of activities of these organizations.

Relevance. Intangible assets, including exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity, are becoming increasingly important in the modern world. Collision between the provisions on insolvency (bankruptcy) and the provisions of copyright law has not yet been the subject of an independent scientific study, despite the fact that the relationship is developing and there is a need for advanced consideration of a number of issues in order to ensure uniform approaches in the development of legal regulation and law enforcement practice. Peculiarities of the investigated relations require transformation of certain approaches to the object of research, as well as consideration of the issue of recognition of the principle of priority observance of authors' rights with simultaneous determination of the limits of application of this principle.
The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions defining the cases and conditions of application of the principle of priority observance of the rights of authors in the foreclosure of rights to works in insolvency (bankruptcy) of individuals and legal entities.
Objectives: to identify the problems associated with the participation of authors and their heirs in legal relations arising in connection with insolvency (bankruptcy); to determine the specifics of the balance of interests in enforcing the exclusive rights to works and rights to their use; to identify areas for further development of the legal regulation of the issues under consideration.
Methodology. The dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method were used in preparing the work.
The results of the research are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of unusual aspects of civil legal relations.
Conclusions. The conclusions made in the article are of debatable nature, are aimed at continuing research in the framework of the stated topic, are aimed at developing basic principles that allow a uniform resolution of problems associated with the protection of the rights of authors and their heirs in insolvency (bankruptcy) of individuals, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities. The article is a continuation of the author's research on issues related to the protection of the rights of authors and their heirs in insolvency (bankruptcy).

The relevance of the study is due to the objective need to adjust the migration policy under the influence of atypical conditions of the pandemic crisis, as a necessary condition for stabilizing the migration situation and the associated criminological situation.
The aim of the study is to determine the trends in the development of migration crime in the Russian Federation under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and promising directions for improving migration policy in this regard.
Objectives: to assess the state of migration crime during the pandemic crisis; to identify the factors influencing the development of this type of crime in atypical conditions of "closed" borders; formulate proposals for improving the protective legislation in this area.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, general scientific methods (dialectical, historical), as well as private law methods (statistical, comparative legal, forecasting) were used.
The results of the study are distinguished by their applied nature, aimed at increasing the efficiency of migration policy, as a deterrent factor in migration crimes.
Conclusions. The pandemic crisis and the resulting closure of domestic and interstate borders have not led to a reduction in migration crime. On the contrary, in some spheres and regions there is an increase in the main indicators of this type of crime. The current migration situation and the associated criminological situation require energetic, but at the same time rational, scientifically grounded measures to control migration processes and the metered use of criminal repression against persons who disregard Russian laws in this area. Such measures can and should be deportation from the Russian Federation and a link with a ban on living in a certain area. Refusal from these instruments of migration control with the adoption of the 1996 Criminal Code. criminologically and politically unsubstantiated.

Relevance. The problem of illegal migration is and remains a serious challenge to modern reality. Ideologically and strategically, it is perceived by the international community as a threat to national security, primarily of the host states, as well as their integration associations. For this reason, the search for effective means of countering this phenomenon and leveling its negative consequences, both at the state and interstate levels, does not stop. This circumstance exhausts the relevance of this study. The work is a synthesis of previous research.
The purpose of the study is to identify the shortcomings of the existing system of international legal acts to counter illegal migration and identify promising directions for its improvement.
Objectives: study of the provisions of international legal acts against illegal migration; their consolidation; determination of the specifics of implementation into national legislation; identification of methodological and other problems of their interpretation and use.
Methodology. In the course of work on the research both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), and methods of legal science (formal-legal, comparative-legal) were used.
The results Two groups of international acts of counteracting illegal migration have been identified. The first group is international standards of human rights and freedoms, as well as other documents that constitute the basis of modern migration policy in general (general). The second is international acts of a specialized nature, providing for specific obligations of states to establish in national legislation measures to actually counter negative manifestations of illegal migration (special). On their basis, the shortcomings of the existing system of the international legal system of counteracting illegal migration were identified, and promising directions for its improvement were identified.
Conclusions. Promising directions for the development of international legislation on combating illegal migration should be: improving the regulatory framework in terms of determining the formal and essential features of illegal migration; development of a consolidated international act defining the standards for the implementation of the procedure for the expulsion of illegal migrants, guaranteeing, on the one hand, the sovereign right of the receiving state, on the other, - the observance of the fundamental human rights subject to expulsion; improvement of legislation on combating transnational organized crime, specializing in human trafficking and smuggling of migrants.

Relevance. In most states of the world, a criminal record is a person's criminal history, which is taken into account when sentencing a newly committed crime. In some countries, conviction information is limited to enforceable convictions, while in other countries, this information may include information on administrative offenses, charges dropped, prosecutions, cases in which the person has been acquitted. A criminal record can even include information about speeding and drunk driving. The greatest differences in the law of modern states can be traced in the legal, including criminal law, the meaning of a criminal record.
The purpose of the study is to identify the criminal and general legal and social consequences of convictions in Eastern European states.
Objectives: to determine the nature and concept of a criminal record; to reveal its general legal significance; to reveal the criminal law value of a criminal record; consider the system of legal restrictions, which involves a criminal record; give the conditions and grounds for the cancellation of a criminal record; correlate convictions with other national criminal law institutions in the legislation of Poland, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis) and methods of legal science were used, among which comparative legal was the main one.
Results. As a result, a picture is presented that reflects the real state of the norms of criminal legislation governing the issues of criminal record, law enforcement practice, as well as criminal-legal scientific research of criminal record in individual Eastern European states. The significance of the results also lies in the fact that they will make it possible to approach the global level of research on the problems of criminal records, and the publication of the results will be able to enrich the criminal law science with data on the state and prospects of the institution of criminal records in Eastern European states.
Conclusions. The institute for the removal of convictions in the criminal law of the Czech Republic, Poland and Bulgaria is aimed at eliminating all the existing consequences of this condition, it is also aimed at re-socializing persons, however, the removal of a criminal record today is not able to annul its general social consequences.

Relevance. The article examines the issues of countering attacks on the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation, which is a desirable target for the intelligence services of foreign states carrying out hostile actions against our country. Given the aggravated geopolitical situation, the likelihood of such threats being realized is now greater than ever. In such conditions, it becomes especially important to search for new ways to counter threats, including those involving blockchain technologies.
The purpose – development of scientifically substantiated proposals for the use of blockchain technologies to protect the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation from cyber-attacks.
Objectives. Identify the features of blockchain technologies that determine the possibility of their use in the information security system, based on the study of the world practice of using blockchain technologies in this area, determine the most promising areas of their application and consider the factors limiting the use of blockchain technologies.
Methodology. In the framework of the conducted research, we used logical, formal-legal, systemic-structural methods, case studies.
Results. The study revealed that the use of blockchain technologies can protect against vulnerabilities that were used in Stuxnet-like attacks, and in world practice there are examples of the implementation of blockchain technologies to protect critical information infrastructure.
Conclusion. The most promising use of blockchain is to ensure the security of Internet of Things device systems. This is due to such properties of blockchain systems as decentralized data storage, programmable smart contracts, and authorization. The obstacles to the full-scale implementation of the technology are information redundancy, scalability of performance and the integration of blockchain technologies into the existing infrastructure. Legal regulation of the use of blockchain technologies is required.

The relevance. This article analyzes the current problems of the content and procedure for enforcing restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens established in order to counter the spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-2019), which are reflected in the practice of considering administrative cases by courts of general jurisdiction on challenging regulatory legal acts.
The purpose of the article is to study the role and significance of judicial practice in the consideration of administrative cases on "anti-COVID" restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as to develop proposals for improving the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area.
Objectives include the analysis of the reasons why citizens apply to the courts of general jurisdiction with administrative claims to challenge the legality of the "anti-COVID" restrictions on rights and freedoms, their arguments, legal positions expressed in the relevant judicial acts, identifying possible ways of further development of the legislation of the Russian Federation on counteracting the spread of dangerous diseases.
Methodology. In the course of the research, we used analytical, formal legal, comparative legal methods, the method of abstraction, which made it possible to formulate the main conclusions.
Results. Analyzing the practice of consideration in the courts of general jurisdiction of administrative cases on "anti-COVID" restrictions on rights and freedoms, the author comes to the conclusion that the legal positions formulated by the courts are aimed at protecting constitutional values, first of all, the right to life. At the same time, judicial practice to a certain extent fills in the gaps and harmonizes the contradictions inherent in the legislation of the Russian Federation in the area under study.
Conclusions. The author justifies the need for the development and adoption of the Federal Law "On the prevention of the spread of diseases that pose a danger to others", which should take into account the legal positions of the judicial authorities regarding the issues under consideration.

Relevance. International terrorism is one of the most important problems of modern international relations, which humanity has not been able to cope with until now. This problem is relevant due to the increase in the number of terrorist crimes in the international space. This may be due to the unresolved problems of a social and political nature, the weakness of state bodies.
The purpose of the study is to comprehensively analyze the main types of international terrorist threats, their level and current problems in the fight against international terrorism in the Russian Federation.
The objectives of the study were: definition of the essence and typology of international terrorism; analysis of the features of modern international terrorism and modern terrorist organizations; study of the main types of terrorist threats and contemporary problems in the field of countering modern international terrorism in Russia.
Methodology. For the study, general scientific and special methods of scientific research were used, such as systemic, comparative legal, historical and legal, as well as methods of interpretation, logical and structural analysis.
Results. Practical proposals have been developed to improve the state's anti-terrorist policy. The main directions of improving the current Russian legislation regulating relations in the field of combating terrorism in modern conditions have been determined.
Conclusions. The study shows that over the past decades, a significant legal framework has been created in the fight against terrorist activities. Effectively countering the threat of terrorism requires a well-coordinated and interstate campaign that draws on all sorts of resources - intelligence, economic, security-related and diplomatic. It should be borne in mind that the fight against terrorism in the context of global challenges to society should be based on the legal recognition of any manifestation of terrorism as criminal, subject to severe punishment and must necessarily presume extensive cooperation between states to prevent, stop terrorist crimes and condemn the perpetrators of them.

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that modern Russian political science has not yet developed a reasonable approach to the essence of the main institutions of articulation and aggregation of interests of young citizens of the country, which during the post-Soviet period are youth parliaments. To date, youth parliamentarism in the Russian Federation has gone a long way in its development, becoming an effective tool for recruiting youth activists into the ranks of regional political elites. Thus, the state of the domestic variation of the institute of youth representation on the federal and regional scales continues to be in the focus of public opinion, which is why it is chosen as the subject of research of modern political theory.
The purpose of the scientific article is to study the political and legal nature of the institute of youth parliamentarism in modern Russia and its modern transformations.
The objectives of the research are: to clarify the political significance of the institutions of youth representation in the political process of modern Russia, to analyze its socio-political potential, to justify the objective and subjective conditions for the institutionalization of youth parliamentarism, to formulate priorities for its development in the Russian Federation.
Methodology. To solve the purpose and objectives of this scientific article,comparative, historical, structural and functional methods, as well as the method of content analysis, have been used.
Results. The article presents the author's vision of the transformation of the essence and content of modern political representation of the interests of Russian youth. It is argued that youth parliamentarism in modern Russia has a dual political and legal nature. The peculiarity of the Russian model of youth parliamentarism is recognized as the deviation of the Russian "political class" from the integration of the broad masses of young people into political activity, which significantly distorts the process of developing youth representation in the subjects of the Federation and in Russian municipalities.
Conclusions. It is pointed out that it is necessary to take political and legal measures for the development of youth parliamentary structures as one of the factors of the formation of civil society in modern Russia. One of the main priorities may be the introduction of an elective procedure for the formation of youth parliaments and the activation of their cooperation with public organizations and associations that are popular among young people.

Relevance. The Federal Republic of Germany contributes to conflict resolution as an important element of foreign policy and national security policy. The article discusses relevant issues of Germany's support for sustainable development in Balkans.
The purpose of the article is to study modern approaches and practical participation of Federal Republic of Germany in post-conflict recovery, stabilization and development programs in Balkans.
Objectives of the study are to analyze institutional and organizational aspects of Germany's participation in post-conflict recovery, stabilization and development programs (by the example of the Balkans)
Methodology. The research methodology is based on the systematic, institutional and structural-functional approaches as well as analysis of relevant resources.
Results. It is indicated, that the Federal Republic of Germany actively implements unilateral and multilateral programs aimed at global sustainable development of the Balkan countries. New German foreign and economy approaches based on complex usage of development policy and security measures made those trends possible.
Conclusiоn. Author concluded that the Federal Republic of Germany is effectively bringing together efforts of government and non-government actors under the coordination of the Federal Foreign Office and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development to achieve goals of post-conflict recovery, stabilization and development.

The relevance of the topic chosen for coverage is determined by the suitability of the experience of organizing the drinking trade after the wine reform of 1863 with the improvement of modern excise legislation, despite the fundamental changes in many conditions. In addition to its practical significance, the article is also important from a scientific point of view, since it allows us to correct still very superficial ideas about the impact of excise tax on social processes in post-reform Russia.
The purpose of the article is to explain the reasons for the spread of drinking houses after the approval of the excise system for levying the drinking tax.
The objectives of the research are to reveal the specifics of the excise time; establishing the basis for an increase in the number of drinking houses; an explanation of the attractiveness of the tavern for the commoner in the period under study.
The methodology includes the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, as well as historicalgenetic, historical-typological and statistical approaches, thanks to which the tasks were solved and the goal of the study was achieved.
Results. The article shows how, with the entry into force of the "Provision on Drinking Collection", the places of retail sale of alcohol have multiplied. The main share of them was drinking houses (taverns). They settled in places of a large concentration of people and in uncrowned localities. The main contingent of visitors to the tavern was determined - cabbies, day laborers, artisans, peasants. The people were painfully going through the stage of liberation from serfdom, the tavern to a certain extent played a compensatory role. The state budget received significant sums from the drinking trade, and drunkenness increased. The law of May 14, 1885 abolished taverns, but patent-free trade flourished. The strength of the innkeepers with the free circulation of alcohol was unshakable. On the initiative of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, the drinking trade was transferred into the hands of the state.
Conclusions. The wine reform coincided with the abolition of serfdom. The growth in the number of taverns was facilitated by: ease in the selection of premises for a tavern, low cost of a patent, permission to trade in taverns in small lots at a negotiated price, soft requirements for the personality of a wine merchant, a clear procedure for obtaining a permit. For the peasants, the tavern was not only a place for drinking, but the center of rural social life. The tavern was finally destroyed only with the introduction of the state wine monopoly.

Relevance. During the first post-war decades, the improvement of production capacities was one of the decisive factors in the intensification of industry. Much attention was paid to the rationalization of the use of working time, as well as the development of the most cost-effective methods of manufacturing industrial goods. This study is devoted to the movement of innovators and inventors, which developed dynamically at the industrial enterprises of the Kursk region in the 1950-1970 years. The work, prepared on the basis of documents from archival institutions of the Kursk region, reveals the problems faced by innovators at industrial enterprises in the region.
The purpose of the study is to study the experience of innovators and inventors in the industrial sector of the economy of the Kursk region in the first post-war decades (1950-1970).
Objectives are: dentification of the features of the work on rationalization and invention based on the analysis of historical documents; disclosure of the main problems in the activities of the innovators of production at the industrial enterprises of the region.
Methodology. The research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, as well as the problem-chronological and system-structural method.
Results. Based on a critical analysis of archival documents that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the article reveals the main problems faced by employees of enterprises involved in the development of technological proposals that had a certain impact on the overall results of scientific and technological progress. It is noted that the primary organizations of the All-Union Society of Inventors and Innovators played an important role in the implementation of the tasks facing the innovators.
Conclusions. The widespread involvement of employees of enterprises in the rationalization movement was controversial. On the one hand, the involvement of capable employees in scientific and technical creativity had a positive impact on improving production efficiency, and on the other hand, the desire of enterprise managers to decorate the reporting indicators for the development of innovation in all ways, caused a formal approach and negligent attitude to the performance of production tasks by ordinary employees.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of scientific understanding of the evolution of the traditional confessional worldview and relevant practices in the era of Soviet modernity, as well as the need to fit the history of Orthodox culture into the general context of the spiritual history of the USSR.
The purpose of the paper is to identify the features of the current historiographical situation and the prospects for research in the field of studying the religious conduct of Orthodox citizens of the USSR in the post-war period.
Objectives: analysis of the specifics of the study of confessional processes in the USSR in Soviet and postSoviet historiography; identification of key issues facing modern humanitarian research in this area; identification of promising areas for further research of the processes of functioning and reproduction of Orthodox culture in the USSR.
Methodology. The main methods that were used in the course of the research were historical-genetic and comparative-historical methods, as well as the method of prospective analysis.
Results. The paper shows that the popularity of "religious" problems in the post-Soviet period predetermined a large number of works on the subject of state-church relations, and attracted the attention of researchers to many individual episodes of the church history of the XX century. At the same time, the evolution of Orthodox culture in the depths of Soviet society rarely became the subject of independent research by specialists in the field of the church's past. It was mainly addressed in the context of "institutional history". Important problems of modern humanities in this area are the attitude to the opposition of the "Soviet world" and Orthodox traditions, as well as the lack of extensive works on the dynamics of confessional processes in the USSR.
Conclusions. The paper concludes that contemporary humanitarian science is faced with the task of fully integrating the history of Orthodox culture into the history of everyday life of Soviet society. Its successful solution is possible within the framework of an interdisciplinary scientific search that combines elements of concrete historical, historical-anthropological, cultural-anthropological and social-philosophical research.

The relevance of the study is related to the ever-growing interest of the world community in weightlifting competitions, where since the twentieth century not only men but also women participate. In addition, weightlifting is included in the Olympic Games and at the current stage of development of society, interest in this sport is constant.
The purpose of the scientific search is to study historical materials related to the organization and activities of the first sports societies of the Kursk province in the early twentieth century, where weightlifting was becoming a popular sport in Russia.
Objectives of the research is to study archival and other materials that allow us to trace the process of the emergence and development of the first athletic societies of the provincial Kursk of the early twentieth century.
Methodology. To solve this problem, the principles of historicism and objectivity, the methods of historicalgenetic, which allows to find patterns and sequence of the studied events, and historical-comparative, which makes it possible to study the historical processes under study in detail, served as a basis.
The results of the scientific research demonstrate that since the beginning of the twentieth century, numerous attempts have been made to create sports organizations in the Kursk province, where weightlifting classes were popularized. This included the Kursk branch of the St. Petersburg Athletic Society (SPb AO), which was officially registered in 1903. The head and inspirer of the sports society was an amateur athlete B. F. Gaikovich. Since June 1905, the Kursk branch of the St. Petersburg Joint-Stock Company ceased to exist due to political events shaking Russia. The second attempt to organize weightlifting enthusiasts under the leadership of G. I. Bessarabov and B. F. Gaikovich is connected with the work of the "School of Physical Health", which existed from 1908 to 1914. The Third Kursk Athletic Circle was created in 1909 by the 3rd Company of the 123 Kozlovsky Regiment. His work was supervised by the serviceman Nikolai Ivanov, a fan of kettlebell lifting.
Conclusions. The first sports societies of the Kursk province in the early twentieth century arose on the initiative of amateur athletes, who made considerable efforts to register them and work successfully. Overcoming logistical and financial difficulties, athletic societies held sports competitions, attracting new participants to sports activities.

Relevance. The article deals with the restoration of health care in the Kursk region at the end of the Great Patriotic War and the first post-war years. The experience gained during this time in the restoration and development of health care in a largely extreme situation that required maximum concentration of forces and resources has a certain relevance and value at the present time, when the country and the whole world are struggling with the coronavirus epidemic and issues of health development have come to the fore.
The purpose. To study the main directions of restoration and development of health care in the Kursk region in 1944-1955.
Objectives: establish the size of the material damage caused to the health care of the Kursk region during the war; identify the problems and difficulties associated with the development of health care, the measures taken and the main results of achieving this goal.
Methodology. The author of the article in the study of this topic is based on the principles of historicism, consistency and scientific objectivity. All this involves a balanced, comprehensive study of the studied archival documents and published sources using problem-chronological and system-structural methods. In addition, fundamental analytical methods were used, including analysis, synthesis, and comparison. This made it possible to objectively assess the problems, main directions and results of the restoration of health care in the Kursk region at the end of the Great Patriotic War and the first post-war years.
Results. On the basis of archival documents, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the article reveals the main problems faced by the Soviet health care in the regions that were occupied and became places of fierce battles of the Great Patriotic War, during the restoration of the destroyed immediately after the liberation and in the first post-war years. The main factors that made it possible to achieve the solution of the main tasks of restoring health care in the shortest possible time and the results of this activity were identified.
Conclusion. The author concludes that despite the existing difficulties and shortcomings, in the post-war years, a great deal of work was carried out to restore and further develop the health care of the Kursk region.

Relevance. Issues of integrated use of water resources in Central Asia have traditionally been considered since the republics of the region declared their independence, but the historical part of this problem is still poorly explored.
The purpose of the article is to highlight the main reasons for the construction of hydroelectric power stations in Central Asia in the post-war period, as well as the role of irrigated agriculture in the integrated development of water resources in Central Asia. The territorial framework covers the modern borders of the Central Asian countries.
Objectives: to consider the prerequisites for the integrated use of water resources in Central Asia, the increasing role of irrigated agriculture (cotton growing) over the energy use of water resources (construction of hydroelectric power plants).
Methodology. The methodological basis was the principle of historicism, comparative-historical chronological and logical approaches.
Results. The author attempts to generalize a variety of literary and archival sources, and highlights the role of irrigated agriculture in the integrated development of water resources both in the interests of irrigation and in the interests of energy.
Conclusions. Despite the integrated use of water resources in Central Asia by the government of the Soviet Union, the interests of hydropower were infringed in favor of the interests of irrigated agriculture. The practical monopoly of the Ministry of Water Resources of the USSR led to the irrational use and distribution of water resources in the region. As a result, this caused the drying up of the Aral Sea, and the transformation of the upstream countries (Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan) into reservoirs for the downstream countries (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan). Hydroelectric power stations in the post-war period in the upstream countries were built not in the interests of electrification of the same republics (as was planned by the GOELRO Plan), but for the accumulation of water resources in the winter and irrigation of the irrigated lands of the downstream countries in the summer (vegetation period).

The relevance of the article lies in the disclosure of the significance of creating urban posters of Baikal Siberia in printed publications of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which were not previously published or analyzed in domestic studies. The work notes that posters are valuable sources for identifying the features, difficulties in the history of organizing events. The study allows to reveal the meaningful side of artistic events in the cities of Baikal Siberia.
The purpose of the work is to determine the importance of creating city posters in organizing art events in the cities of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
The objectives of this work are: based on the documents of the State Archives of the Irkutsk region, to analyze city posters, announcements, notes and correlate them with the events themselves, their results; highlight the difficulties and features in the process of creating city posters.
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, consistency, and scientific objectivity. Historical-genetic and problem-chronological methods are used.
Results. In a study based on the materials of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region, the importance of creating city posters was determined, which revealed artistic events in the cities of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. It was noted that city posters influence the outcome of events, attendance and public opinion.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was proved that the creation and placement of posters affects the attendance, reviews, the results of events in the cities of Baikal Siberia. Sources reveal the specifics of upcoming events, tell readers about the artists, organizers, time and place. The article analyzes the content side of previously unexplored city posters. It was noted that they are of particular artistic value, since famous Siberian masters of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries worked on their creation.

Relevance. The article deals with the specifics of the activities of the propaganda and agitation Department of the Kursk Regional Committee of the CPSU (b) to control the printed mass media of the region in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War (1941). It was especially important to prevent the disclosure of information that was a military or state secret through the district newspapers. The function of supervising this issue was assigned to the party power structures.
Purposes: to understand how the Kursk department of propaganda and agitation of the regional committee of the CPSU(b) worked when the Great Patriotic War began; - to identify the system of activity and work of the party with local district newspapers of the Kursk region in wartime conditions.
Objectives. to reveal on the example of the activities of the propaganda and agitation department of the Kursk Regional Committee of the CPSU(b) the specifics of the restructuring of the work of newspapers, taking into account the realities of wartime; to determine the range of information and facts that were censored in order to preserve military and state secrets in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War; to consider the specifics of the interaction of the party bodies of the Kursk region with the editors and editorial offices of regional newspapers.
Methodology. Within the framework of the study, chronological, problem-analytical and comparative-historical methods were used.
Results. On the basis of archival data, the analysis of the activities of the party authorities in working with the district newspapers of the Kursk region in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War is presented.
Conclusion. The author draws a conclusion about the strengthening of control by the party bodies over the work of district newspapers at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in connection with the requirements of wartime.