Relevance. The correct solution of complex problems of law enforcement is facilitated by the appeal not only to legislatively fixed, but also to other sources of law. It is especially important to correctly determine the role of unofficial sources of law in the application of the criminal law, which is due to its exceptional position in the system of regulation of social relations, which are imposed on criminal law prohibitions by the requirements of clarity of expression, certainty of content and fairness. The theoretical and legal research needs a contribution to the content of the criminal law norms of other sources of law in determining the boundary between crimes of various types and administrative offenses, as well as in assessing the act as insignificant.

The purpose of the study is the theoretical and legal analysis of the role of legally fixed and not fixed sources in the application of criminal law.

Objectives of the research of the study include: substantiating the accounting and determining the role of sources of criminal law that are not legally enshrined in the qualification of crimes and the assessment of the act as insignificant.

The research methodology is based on the dialectical general method, and also includes the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, logical and system-structural.

Results. On the example of the qualification of crimes and the assessment of acts as insignificant, the admissibility of referring to sources of law not formalized by law is argued, since they play a significant role in the process of criminalization and in the formulation of criminal law norms. The influence of the development of protected public relations and the modification of encroachments on the content of sources of law is shown. The importance of taking into account these processes for bringing both the criminal law itself and the practice of its application in line with the emerging socio-economic and political conditions is substantiated.

Conclusion. When evaluating an act that formally contains signs of a crime, from the point of view of the possibility of recognizing it as insignificant, the appeal not only to the criminal law, but also to other sources of law, is due, firstly, to their retrospective role in the criminalization of acts, and secondly, to the dialectical connection of legal ideas with legal form and legal reality

Relevance. The theory of legal facts, despite the rather long period of its formation and subsequent development, is currently not fully developed and requires constant attention from representatives of both the general theory of law and individual legal branches. Recently, the idea of the possibility of constructing various sets of legal facts based on a systematic approach has appeared and attracts increasing attention, which can have a positive impact on the process of forming a system of law. The concept of “large actual system” was introduced, but up to the present time it remains in the state of a general idea (concept).

The purpose is to substantiate the system of views regarding the consistency of the actual prerequisites as a promising direction in the development of the theory of legal facts.

Objectives are to approach; identify the goals of the formation of large actual systems; identify similarities and differences between actual compositions and actual systems as varieties of actual associations; substantiate the need for further development of the property of the systematic nature of legal facts.

Methodology. The study was conducted using the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as methods of analysis, comparison, formal logical methods.

Results. The results of the study are essential in relation to the further development and improvement of the theory of legal facts as a system of ideas regarding the actual basis of legal regulation.

Conclusion. The actual compositions and systems are formed using the principles of the systems approach. The difference between them lies in the difference in their functional purpose. The development of the system property of factual prerequisites is a promising direction in the development of the theory of legal facts.

Relevance. The systemic and legal problems of developing the unity of principles for managing the security and protection of the vital interests of the people are multifaceted, complex, and largely debatable. Both constitutional and administrative principles of security management, as well as their unity, primarily meet the interests of citizens and are aimed at ensuring the development of legal protection of life, rights and freedoms, since they prioritize in favor of a person. The unity of principles as scientific principles and the basic rules of behavior of subjects of management requires the development of security and the protection of the vital interests of the people, which is currently very important.

The purpose. Establishing the content of the constitutional and administrative principles of state management of the security and protection of the vital interests of the people.

Objectives: define regulatory legal acts containing the principles of public safety management; highlight the constitutional and administrative principles of state management of the security and protection of the vital interests of the people.

Methodology. The study used a combination of methods, such as: a general scientific method for studying legal phenomena and processes, formal legal and formal logical methods.

Results. In the course of the study, the constitutional and administrative principles of state management of the security and protection of the vital interests of the people were considered, as well as their unity, aimed at protecting the vital interests of a person, was studied.

Conclusion. The unity of the principles of state management of the security and protection of the vital interests of the people gives a scientific idea of the procedure for generalizing and extending each principle to the activities of a state authority and local self-government, aimed at fulfilling the obligations of the state to create safe living conditions for its citizens, including their implementation. constitutional rights and freedoms.

Relevance. The study of interests in law has an inexhaustible topical theoretical and practical significance, because, as the German philosopher of law R. Iering explained, interests move the world. Indeed, socially significant interests that have received legal support (recognition, consolidation) actively influence the formation, exercise and protection of subjective rights, the implementation of legal relations, legal responsibility, the achievement by subjects of law of the desired material and spiritual benefits, as the ultimate goal of law regulation, law enforcement and legal application. Unfortunately, legal science has not formed the final theoretical provisions on the nature, content, functional purpose and types of legal interests (legitimate interests, interests protected by law, interests in law). The author of the article set the task to indicate his position on some topical issues of the topic under discussion.

Purpose – to find out the nature, concept, content, purpose and types of legal interests, the interaction of social interests with law.

Objectives: to identify the essential features of social and legal interests, to formulate the concept of legitimate (legal) interests, to find out the types of legal interests, to establish general and specific features of social and legal interests.

Methodology. In the course of the study of the designated topic, such general scientific and private scientific methods of research were used as formal-legal, system-structural, logical, comparative-legal, method of analysis and synthesis.

Results. Based on the analysis of the theoretical conclusions of well-known Russian researchers, the author formulated and substantiated his own position on the concept and types of legal interests (interests in Russian law), it is noted that legal interests are socially significant interests that have found their “registration” in the norms of positive law and subjective rights, or social interests not enshrined in subjective rights, but protected by law on the basis of the meaning (spirit) of the law, legal principles.

Conclusion. Socially significant interests initiate the emergence, change and termination of legal relations, contribute to the achievement by the subjects of law of the desired material and intangible benefits, the satisfaction of their needs.

Relevance. When concluding contracts with state and municipal customers, it is mandatory to carry out formalized procedures aimed at determining the counterparty. Low efficiency of trade and non-trade procurement methods entails irrational expenditure of budget funds and other valuable resources.

The purpose of this work is to propose criteria for the effective use of competitive procedures aimed at meeting state and municipal needs.

Objectives: on the basis of empirical material to determine the conditions under which the maximum efficiency of competitive methods of determining a supplier for state and municipal needs is achieved.

Methodology: general scientific methods of analysis and induction, observation and forecasting were used in the work.

The results. The article assesses the effectiveness of the current model of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works and services for state and municipal needs. The study evaluates the importance of such indicators as the price and quality of goods (work or services), their prevalence, the level of competition in the relevant economic sphere and region, the costs of conducting a competitive procedure.

The statistical data of the Federal Tax Service on the number of registered business entities in various federal districts are presented, which allow us to come to the conclusion that there is a need for a differentiated approach to conducting competitive procedures, taking into account the indicator characterizing the number of business entities and competition in the region.

It is noted that when determining the effectiveness of the use of tenders and auctions, it is necessary to take into account the associated economic and organizational costs.

Conclusion. Bidding, being one of the types of competitive procedures, has a specific range of its application. The author formulates and substantiates the conclusion that the criteria for the effective application of competitive procedures to meet state and municipal needs include: upper and lower price limits; socio-economic situation in the region of the conclusion and execution of the contract; the scope of business activity of the counterparty. 

Relevance. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, Russia was undergoing a transition to the third technological order based on the use of electricity, which led to the use of the telephone and telegraph for the conclusion of civil law contracts. The use of technical means for the remote (remote) conclusion of contracts in civil circulation required a scientific understanding of the theoretical and practical problems arising in connection with this. Currently, the world is undergoing a transition to a new technological order based on the digitalization of social relations. Contracts are concluded remotely through the use of the digital environment, which requires a doctrinal understanding of the issues of using digital means of communication in civil law relations. Scientific concepts about the remote conclusion of contracts using technical means, formulated by Russian pre-revolutionary civilists, can be used in the science of civil law at the present time. Their application is possible for the development of theoretical provisions regarding the conclusion of contracts using digital communication tools.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive review of the scientific views of Russian civilists of the late XIX - early XX century on the conclusion of contracts using the telephone and telegraph.

Objectives: analysis of scientific concepts on the genesis of the development of theoretical ideas about the conclusion of civil law contracts using telephone and telegraph in the works of pre-revolutionary Russian civilists: on the legal nature of actions when concluding contracts using telephone and telegraph; about the features of the conclusion, content, subject composition, form of contracts concluded using the telephone and telegraph; on solving the problems of legal liability associated with telegraph errors in pre-revolutionary civil law.

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, methods of synthesis, analysis, induction, deduction, historical and legal, comparative legal, and logical were used.

 Results. In the course of the study, the scientific views of Russian pre-revolutionary civilists of the late XIX - early XX centuries on the problem of concluding contracts using the telephone and telegraph were revealed.

Conclusin. The issue of concluding contracts using the telephone and telegraph in the late 19th - early 20th century was debatable and was the subject of a comprehensive study in Russian pre-revolutionary civil law.

Relevance. The article examines the problem of compensation for moral damage as one of the ways to protect honor, dignity and business reputation in accordance with Art. 151 «Compensation for moral damage» of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Doctrinal approaches to the concept of moral damage and other categories of this institute have been studied, an assessment of the trends in law enforcement practice for resolving such disputes is given. The work reflected new explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in cases of recovery of compensation for moral damage, as well as the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which recognized Article 151 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as unconstitutional in part.

The purpose of the study is to deepen scientific knowledge of moral harm as a way to protect honor, dignity and business reputation and to develop theoretical and legislative proposals aimed at the uniform application of compensation for moral damage in such cases.

Objectives: to analyze reviews of judicial practice, decisions on claims for recovery of moral damage, legal positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation and to identify gaps in the methods of protection of these intangible benefits of a citizen.

The methodology was compiled by general scientific (deductions, induction, analysis and synthesis) and private scientific methods (formal-legal, logical, analysis of judicial practice, system-analytical) in their various combination.

The results contain original proposals of a theoretical, applied and legislative nature, contributing to the effectiveness of the institution of moral damage as a way of compensation for unlawful actions against the honor, dignity and business reputation of a citizen.

Conclusion. The author's position is formulated on the inexpediency of the principle of "presumption of moral damage" and the need to modernize the version of Art. Art. 151 and 1099 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in terms of excluding restrictions on the collection of moral damage caused to a person in relation to property damage. It is stated that there is judicial discretion in determining the amount of compensation for non-pecuniary damage, the limitation of which is possible taking into account the criteria outlined in the new resolution № 33.

Relevance. In 2015-2017, a wave of exposure of the so–called "death groups" swept through the country – various communities in social networks and other Internet resources, where information related to the suicides of minors was distributed, including calls for the need for such behavior and recommendations on ways to commit suicide. This circumstance prompted the legislator to establish criminal liability for "complicity" in the suicide of a person.

The Purpose of this study is to determine the content of inciting minors to commit suicide for the purposes of applying the criminal law.

Objectives: to determine the range of crimes consisting in inducing another person to commit suicide; to establish their objective and subjective signs; to analyze qualifying signs; to study the practice of applying the relevant norms.

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, traditional private scientific and general scientific methods were used for criminal law research.

Results. The author reveals the legal characteristics of these crimes, analyzes judicial practice regarding the qualification of actions aimed at the suicide of other persons, taking into account the modern positions of criminologists. It is indicated that it is necessary to establish a causal relationship between the actions listed in the law and the suicide or suicide attempt of the victim in each criminal case of bringing to suicide. In cases where the investigation or the court fails to establish a direct causal link between, for example, the ill-treatment of the accused and the suicide of the victim, or such a connection is more than not obvious, it is necessary to investigate the possibility of other reasons that prompted the minor to commit suicide. If such reasons are related to the activities of persons who use other methods aimed at the suicide of victims, other than threats, ill-treatment or systematic humiliation of human dignity, then this may constitute a crime under Article 1101 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Conclusion. The results of the study can have a positive impact on domestic law, including for the purposes of law enforcement in specific criminal cases.

Relevance. Appeal in criminal proceedings is extended to all stages and proceedings. The right to appeal has been elevated to the rank of a criminal procedural principle and is included in the procedural status of almost every participant. The scale of the implementation of the right to appeal, the lack of uniform practice and its proper provision determine the relevance of research in this area. A special place in the system of ensuring the right to appeal is occupied by the defender, who does not always have both sufficient powers and means of their implementation.

The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal legislative regulation of the procedural status of a defender in a pre-trial criminal procedural appeal.

Objectives: study of theoretical developments and provisions of criminal procedure legislation in terms of regulating the procedural status of the defender in the field of appeal; development of the author's position on the proper and possible procedural position of the defender in this area.

Methodology. Traditional general scientific, private scientific and special methods were used.

Results. A set of new knowledge about the procedural potential of a defense lawyer in criminal procedural appeal at the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings.

Conclusions. To optimize the procedural regulation of the defender's status and to ensure proper assistance to the principal in the implementation of appeal actions. It is offered: supplement Part 5 of Article 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure with the powers of the court to decide on the return of the complaint for its resubmission; determine the specific grounds for leaving the complaint without consideration (adding Article 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation with a new part 5.1); supplement the content of Article 123 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation with a new part 1.1 – requirements for drawing up a complaint.

In the field of appeal, it is necessary to actively introduce digital resources. To do this, it is necessary to establish additional requirements for the design and content of an electronic complaint, to ensure the preservation of attorney-client confidentiality when forwarding, storing an electronic document, archiving it, etc.

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the explanation, as a source of information for making a decision on a particular issue arising in criminal proceedings, still has not been fully studied legal nature, which causes quite controversial issues in legal science and practice. But, in addition to the explanation, an explanation that has recently appeared in Russian criminal proceedings has a similar legal nature to it. In accordance with the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the court of appeal may hear explanations from persons who performed the duties of jurors on a number of issues that accompanied the verdict. At the same time, it is the right of a juror to give explanations to the court. At the same time, the judge to whom the challenge has been filed also has the right to give an explanation about the claimed challenge. The legislator has not resolved the question of what is the legal nature of the explanations and explanations in criminal proceedings given by the judge and the juror, and whether these sources of information are evidence.

The purpose of the article is to try to uncover the issues of using explanations and explanations of judges and jurors in modern criminal proceedings in order to identify problematic issues and offer them for discussion to the scientific community and practitioners.

Objectives: to study the evolution of the use of the theory of explanations and explanations of judges and jurors in criminal proceedings, the "catechon", its analysis and understanding in practice.

Methodology. The basis of this research is a combination of the universal dialectical method of scientific cognition, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and private scientific methods of cognition, such as: formal-logical, formal-legal. The authors also used methods of studying social phenomena in their concrete manifestation in specific conditions of place and time: the study of documents, observation, comparison.

The results of the study are distinguished by an applied nature with elements of scientific novelty. The authors considered the emerging difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the provisions of the use of explanations and explanations of judges and jurors.

Conclusions. The discussion of the identified problems will draw the attention of the legislator and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to the development of solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in the criminal procedure legislation. _____________________

Relevance. The article examines the legal norms in the field of implementation of the principle of a reasonable period of criminal proceedings. There are some contradictions in Russian legislation on this issue, and as practice shows, this principle is not observed in the proceedings in many cases. The theory of criminal procedure has not yet developed a clear mechanism to fully implement the operation of this principle.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the substance of criminal procedural norms regulating the principle of a reasonable period of criminal proceedings at the theoretical and practical levels.

The objectives of the research: to investigate the norms regulating the principle of a reasonable period of criminal proceedings, the prerequisites and history of its appearance and development, as well as to determine its significance in domestic legal science; to analyze in detail Article 6.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and to consider the relevant judicial practice.

The methodology of the research is presented by the dialectical method, the comparative legal method, historical and special legal methods.

Results. In the course of the research, some problems were identified in the implementation in practice of the principle of a reasonable period of criminal proceedings and compensation for violation of this norm. The theoretical essence and content of this principle are analyzed. Based on the results of the research, proposals were developed and formulated to improve legislation in this area.

Conclusion. According to the results of the research, conclusions are drawn about the interdisciplinarity of the principle of a reasonable period of criminal proceedings, since it is guaranteed by compensation within the framework of civil, not criminal proceedings. It is rightly noted that for each case, its own period of production will be recognized as reasonable, and the decisive word on its determination belongs only to the court. It is also concluded that if the criminal proceedings have clearly taken on a protracted nature, then the sheer complexity of the case itself cannot justify the overall duration of the criminal proceedings.

Relevance. The article deals with the issues of the age of criminal responsibility of minors and the criminal legal impact on this category of persons at different stages of the Russian state in an inseparable unity, reveals their essential nature and prospects for development, as well as the historical conditions for the adoption of certain normative legal acts. According to the author, the main feature of the evolution of domestic legislation on criminal legal impact on minors is a gradual increase in the age of prosecution, based on taking into account the psychophysiological characteristics of this category of persons.

The purpose of the study is to trace the path taken by the domestic legislator in the direction of finding the optimal balance of humanistic and repressive principles in the content and forms of criminal legal influence on minors.

Objectives: to identify the genesis and evolution of criminal penalties and other measures of criminal legal impact on minors under domestic legislation; to reflect the features of criminal penalties and other measures of a criminal legal nature, taking into account the historical context of the development of the state and law.

Methodology. The basis of writing the article was general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, historical method), private scientific, including special legal (formal legal, comparative legal methods of cognition).

Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that in its development the institution of criminal responsibility and punishment of minors has passed a fairly long way. Having first appeared only in the XVIII century, it underwent changes over time, adapted to the existing conditions, the parameters of criminal responsibility of the rest of the population. One thing remained constant – the institution under review for a significant part of the history of criminal law occupied a special position due to the role assigned to minors as socially unprotected strata of society.

Conclusion. Educational components should always be present in the content and forms of criminal legal influence on minors, the humanistic principle should noticeably prevail over the repressive one, and taking into account personal characteristics should result in a thorough individualization of criminal responsibility.

Relevance. Protection of objects of critical information infrastructure is an urgent task of ensuring the information security of the state. This problem acquired particular significance during the period of the special military operation in Ukraine - during this time the number of computer attacks on the domestic information infrastructure has increased many times over. For several years, the application of Art. 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is characterized by consistent growth. The study of judicial and investigative practice indicates the presence of legal and technical shortcomings of the norm and problems associated with its application.

The purpose is to obtain new scientific knowledge about the implementation of the mechanism of criminal law protection of the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation, to substantiate proposals aimed at overcoming the difficulties that arise in the application Art. 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Objectives: to identify the problems of qualifying unlawful impact on critical information infrastructure facilities, to formulate proposals for improving domestic criminal legislation and law enforcement.

Methodology. The methodological base of the research is made up of general scientific and particular scientific methods of cognition of reality, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, formal-legal, abstract-logical and others.

Results. The study analyzed data from judicial statistics, law enforcement practice in cases of unlawful impact on the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation, studied doctrinal sources and analytical materials.

Conclusions. The following provisions are formulated and substantiated in the work: 1) at the moment, the main direction of implementation Art. 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is its application in cases of violation of the rules for the operation of computer information storage facilities by employees of companies providing services in the field of communications (telecom operators); 2) at the level of judicial and investigative practice, there is a discrepancy in the interpretation of socially dangerous consequences in the form of harm to an object of the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation.; 3) it should be recognized as erroneous in practice the decision to qualify the deed under Part 1 of Art. 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in situations

Relevance. The phenomena and processes observed in the social system in the modern objectively conditioned conditions of dynamization and politicization have a stable tendency to the formation and accumulation of transformational potential. In this sense, social conflicts at the present stage are often transformed into political conflicts within the framework of an unprecedentedly developing and increasingly complex socio-political space. Of particular research interest is the identification of key features and patterns of political transformation of social conflicts in the focus of global political risks and threats. It also seems appropriate to formulate specific practical measures of approximating specifics in the direction of managing the political and transformational potential of modern social conflicts.

Purpose. The main purpose of this article is to present a theoretical overview of the transformation of social conflicts in the context of global political risks and threats.

Objectives: formulation of global political risks and threats at the ideological-conceptual, activity-functional, structural and institutional, resource and interactive levels, identification of key features and patterns of political transformation of social conflicts.

Methodology. The author mainly used the following group of methods in the process of writing the article: information analysis, content analysis, event analysis, sociological analysis.

Results. Taking into account the stated research issues, it seems appropriate to formulate specific practical measures of approximating specifics in the direction of managing the political and transformational potential of modern social conflicts.

Conclusion. Within the framework of the modern global socio-political reality, generating and reproducing a huge number of social and other conflicts, it is necessary to pay more attention to the phenomenology of social conflict as such, implying, firstly, a positive and naturalistic perception of the conflictogenic nature of political phenomena and processes, and secondly, the implementation of targeted monitoring of political and conflict dynamics, thirdly, the organization of discussions on open and verified platforms, and fourthly, improving the effectiveness of existing regulatory and legal regulations and formal procedures.

Relevance. The article is devoted to the director of the Department of Various taxes and Fees of the Ministry of Finance of Russia in the late 1850s - early 1860s, Fyodor Lukich Pereverzev, who was opposed to the planned wine reform. The plot of the article was not covered in the scientific literature, but it is essential to create a complete picture of the excise transformation.

The purpose of the article is to recreate the image of a high official of the finance Ministry, who prevented the transition from tax payments to the excise system of levying a tax on drinking.

Objectives: to give a description of Pereverzev's official activity; to establish the circumstances that determined his position regarding drinking; to describe the essence of classes in the Special Committee for the Development of Wine Reform.

Methodology. The principles of scientific objectivity and historical anthropologism became the basis for the study of the stated topic. In addition, a personal biographical method was used, which allowed through acquaintance with the biography of Pereverzev to explain his position on the wine reform.

Results. Pereverzev's career path was long, he proved himself both in the military and in the civilian field. The peak of his official career was the post of director of the Department of Various Taxes and Fees. In this position, Fyodor Lukich was included in the Special Committee for the Development of Wine Reform. His work was fruitless, the reform plan was not prepared.

Conclusion. Pereverzev was in opposition to the drinking transformation, since he considered the payoff a proven way of collecting a fee from drinking, and the excise tax a system that requires a long check. He was a staunch follower of E.F. Kankrin and believed that the excise system was good for the West, but not suitable for Russia.

Relevance. The author in the article proves the scientific opinion that the main reason that forced the Bolsheviks to abandon the very effective policy of war communism, in their opinion, was precisely the Kronstadt rebellion. The uprising in Kronstadt created real conditions for the loss of power by the Bolsheviks. The large-scale military protest was an unexpected phenomenon for the Bolsheviks and forced them to temporarily abandon their domestic political course.

The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons for the transition to a new economic policy.

Objectives The main objectives of this scientific study are: to analyze the historical conditions in which Soviet Russia found itself at the end of the Civil War; study of the main reasons for the country's transition to a new economic policy.

Methodology The main objectives of this scientific study are: to analyze the historical conditions in which Soviet Russia found itself at the end of the Civil War; study of the main reasons for the country's transition to a new economic policy.

Results became objective evidence that it was the social protest, which manifested itself in the form of peasant revolts throughout the country, and most importantly the Kronstadt uprising, that became the main reason for the Bolsheviks to switch to a new economic policy.

Conclusion Thus, by the end of 1920, Soviet Russia was actually devastated due to the ongoing civil conflict for several years, as well as as a result of the economic policy of the Bolsheviks. Having achieved a military victory over their main political opponents, the Bolsheviks were going to continue the economic course - the policy of war communism, which helped them win the Civil War. However, the population of the country was not at all going to be consumables for the economic experiments of the Bolshevik Party. It showed its sharp dissatisfaction with the economic course pursued in the country in large-scale peasant uprisings throughout the country and in the armed uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt. These circumstances forced the leader of the Bolshevik Party V.I. Lenin to abandon the course towards the accelerated construction of communism and move on to a new economic policy.

Relevance. The author in the article proves the scientific opinion that the main reason that forced the Bolsheviks to abandon the very effective policy of war communism, in their opinion, was precisely the Kronstadt rebellion. The uprising in Kronstadt created real conditions for the loss of power by the Bolsheviks. The large-scale military protest was an unexpected phenomenon for the Bolsheviks and forced them to temporarily abandon their domestic political course.

The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons for the transition to a new economic policy.

Objectives The main objectives of this scientific study are: to analyze the historical conditions in which Soviet Russia found itself at the end of the Civil War; study of the main reasons for the country's transition to a new economic policy.

Methodology The main objectives of this scientific study are: to analyze the historical conditions in which Soviet Russia found itself at the end of the Civil War; study of the main reasons for the country's transition to a new economic policy.

Results became objective evidence that it was the social protest, which manifested itself in the form of peasant revolts throughout the country, and most importantly the Kronstadt uprising, that became the main reason for the Bolsheviks to switch to a new economic policy.

Conclusion Thus, by the end of 1920, Soviet Russia was actually devastated due to the ongoing civil conflict for several years, as well as as a result of the economic policy of the Bolsheviks. Having achieved a military victory over their main political opponents, the Bolsheviks were going to continue the economic course - the policy of war communism, which helped them win the Civil War. However, the population of the country was not at all going to be consumables for the economic experiments of the Bolshevik Party. It showed its sharp dissatisfaction with the economic course pursued in the country in large-scale peasant uprisings throughout the country and in the armed uprising of sailors and soldiers in Kronstadt. These circumstances forced the leader of the Bolshevik Party V.I. Lenin to abandon the course towards the accelerated construction of communism and move on to a new economic policy.

Relevance. The state policy of most countries of the world is aimed at increasing the qualitative level and competitiveness of domestic education systems, the development of individual industries in the field of education. Positive changes in this area can help studying the historical experience of building national education models, the use of domestic educational traditions of the past in modern practice.

The purpose of the study is to cover and popularize approaches to ensure the staff of the superior musical and educational institutions in the Volga region in the second half of the 1930s-the 1950s.

The objectives of the study: to study factual material reflecting the ways of solving personnel problems in domestic conservatories in the second half of the 1930s – 1950s; identify the degree of effectiveness of this activity.

Methodology. In the course of the study, the following sources were used: scientific articles, dissertations, collections of documents, archive materials. The methodological basis of the work was the principles of objectivity and comprehensiveness, as well as a number of scientific methods: system analysis, historical, typological, historical and comprehensive.

Results. As a result of this study, approaches to the personnel support of the musical higher educational institutions of the Volga region in the second half of the 1930s-1950s were specified.

Conclusion. The study showed that in the conditions of modernization development of the second half of the 1930s and 1950s, due to migration processes, the problem of personnel recruitment of musical universities (conservatives) was effectively solved in the Volga region. The decisive role in this issue belonged to the state system of distribution of specialists. Capital musicians (Moscow, Leningrad, etc.), evacuated to the region during the Great Patriotic War, played key importance for replenishing and strengthening the states of the Volga conservatory. Thanks to the shots involved during this period, musical and cultural traditions were formed, pedagogical and performing regional schools were created, several generations of professional musicians were brought up.

The relevance of the presented article is due to the processes of implementing the Concept of state family Policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 and the formation of a set of measures to support a mother woman. Holistic support of motherhood and childhood in modern Russia would be impossible without a study of the history of maternal and child protection of the Soviet period.

The purpose of the article is to study the activities carried out by healthcare institutions in Kursk in the 1920s and 1930s in the field of maternity and infancy protection.

Objectives: to determine the degree of protection of motherhood and infancy by the beginning of the study period, to characterize the activities of the Soviet government to organize a network of maternity hospitals, to study the process of creating and developing nurseries in Kursk.

Methodology. The methods of objectivity, scientific, historicism were used in the work. In addition, historicalcomparative and chronological approaches were used.

Results. The negative consequences of wars and revolutions have nullified the results of activities for the protection of motherhood and childhood of the Zemstvo period. The Soviet government aimed to improve the demographic situation. To this end, the fight against child mortality, support for women during pregnancy and childbirth, the organization of women's and children's consultations, maternity homes and departments were organized.

Conclusions. During the period under review, the system of maternity and childhood protection was being established. The state has sent significant funds to this area, provided it with personnel, which made it possible to improve the demographic situation in the region and in Russia as a whole in a short time.

Relevance. This article is an attempt to compare the changes in the stone architectural ensemble of the Znamensky Monastery in the period from the second half of the XVII century to the beginning of the XIX century. This topic has been little studied, and therefore it is relevant and in demand.

The purpose is to determine the boundaries and appearance of the Kursk Znamensky Monastery from the moment of its foundation until the beginning of the XIX century on the basis of available materials.

Objectives: to compare the location of the monastery buildings with the modern urban relief and to establish the type of buildings.

Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency, which are supplemented by the method of reconstruction, the comparative historical method. In the work, among other things, the technique of virtual 3d modeling is used.

Results. By superimposing city plans of different times and modern satellite images, the possible location of the buildings of the Znamensky Monastery is determined, its appearance of buildings is described. It is established that the appearance of the "Kursk Kremlin" has been constantly changing during the time of its existence. Comparing the boundaries of the foundations and studying the principles of construction of similar structures with the preserved images of the monastery allowed us to recreate the boundaries and appearance of the Kursk shrine. Thanks to the 3d modeling technique, the architectural appearance of the ensemble of the Znamensky Monastery of the XVII – XVIII centuries has been recreated.

Conclusion. The conducted research gave grounds to assert that the architectural Znamensky Monastery has been the "axis" of urban development since its foundation. Its appearance was, on the one hand, typical of the temples of medieval Russia, on the other, Kursk stood out from many other Russian cities.

Relevance. The study of military affairs and combat equipment can be considered in direct dependence on the state and development of the social, political, economic and technological spheres of life of Russian society in a particular historical period of time. The combat equipment of an individual warrior makes it possible to judge the capabilities of industry and various crafts, the peculiarities of its manufacture, the development of trade relations, and the susceptibility to technological innovations, both their own and others'. The combat use of equipment during direct clashes exacerbates the competitive struggle of the warring parties and opens up new opportunities for its improvement. Therefore, the appeal to the historical experience of the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantryman seems very fruitful, since the researcher is presented with exciting illustrations of battlefields, heroism and exploits of specific people, our victories and failures, the competitive struggle of technologies.

The purpose – o conduct an excursion into the history of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry and outline ways to improve it in the future.

Objectives: to reveal the historical evolution, logic and patterns of improving the combat equipment of the Russian infantry; to present modern developments of the combat equipment of the Russian army, defining its prospects.

Methodology. The general scientific methodology using the method of periodization, systematic and retrospective methods allowed us to recreate from the standpoint of modern knowledge the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry in the unity of historical events and phenomena of the past.

Results. The historiography of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry confirms the validity of the arguments of the scientific community that it is based on age-old traditions and the cultural matrix of the people, permeating all spheres of activity of the military organization of society. The main characteristics of the modern warrior's combat equipment are: reliability, functionality, versatility, lightness and low cost.

Conclusions. The combat equipment of the Russian infantryman has passed a complex evolutionary path and acts as part of the material culture, which has its own national features.