The relevance of this study is due to the fact that, even thirty years after the destruction of the USSR, discussions around the causes of the destruction of the country do not stop. Turning to this topic, most researchers, as a rule, focus on the so-called August putsch or the Belovezhskaya Agreement, or combine these two events together. In fact, the process of the destruction of the USSR consists of a number of intermediate and successive events, each of which played a certain role and, without each of which, the destruction of the USSR could not have happened. One of such insufficiently researched events was the so-called "parade of state languages".The object and subject of the study are social relations and legal relations, theoretical sources, the activities of authorities to regulate these relations and legal norms related to the problem of the status of the state language in different periods of the history of the state – before and after the October Revolution, from the creation of the USSR Union to the beginning of its destruction.
The purpose of the study is to analyze theoretical approaches to the problems of the status of the state language, scientific articles and publications, regulations, specific events in the history of our state that made possible the onset of the "parade of state languages", which, then, will lead to the "parade of sovereignties".
The objectives of the study is to establish the patterns of these events and their relationship with the absence of a constitutional norm on the state language.
Methodology. The research uses general scientific methods of research, system, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, retrospective-historical, as well as comparative-legal.
Results. As a result of the study, a direct connection was proved between the absence of a constitutionally fixed status of the Russian language in the Constitution of the USSR and the beginning of the so-called "Parade of state Languages" in the Baltic republics, then in the Moldavian SSR and other republics, as a result of which native speakers of Russian in national republics turned out to be people with limited rights and freedoms.
Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the absence of a constitutionally fixed status of the Russian language as the state language allowed the launch of a "Parade of state languages" in a number of Union Republics, which, in turn, led to the launch of the process of interlanguage and interethnic separation in individual republics, and then to the so-called "the parade of sovereignties."

Relevance. The article analyzes the problems associated with the currently dominant in the Russian legal doctrine concept of a single and indivisible exclusive right. The negative impact of this approach on the commercial use of works, including the development of investment activities in accordance with the principle of "rights in exchange for investment" is demonstrated. The conclusion is substantiated that in order to solve the problems encountered, it is necessary to recognize and legislate the possibility to allocate shares in the exclusive right to a work, to establish the procedure for exercising the rights to such shares, the conditions of their allocation and alienation.
The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions aimed at creating a holistic scientific understanding of the possibilities of further development of the legal regulation of relations related to the commercial use of works, including the improvement of the order and conditions of disposal of exclusive rights to works.
Objectives: to update the content of the concept of "exclusive right"; to develop a concept of rights realization, allowing the possibility of changing the composition of right holders in the joint ownership; to determine the principles of the allocation of shares in the exclusive right and the features of the realization of rights to them with regard to the need to commercialize the results of creative activity; to identify possible directions for further development of legal regulation.
Methodology. The author used dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method. The results of the research have a theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of legal relations connected with the use of the results of intellectual activity.
Conclusions. The conclusions are of a debatable nature, aimed at the development of doctrinal and legislative approaches to improve the problems of regulation of relations on the use of the results of intellectual activity. The article is a continuation of scientific research of the author on the subject.

Relevance. Scientific consideration and study of the easement is impossible without referring to its genesis, understanding the reasons for which allows us to draw correct and reasonable conclusions for its modernization in modern civil law of Russia and Vietnam.
The purpose of the study is to reveal the prerequisites for the emergence of easements in Roman law, the concept of easement, its legal nature, types; to consider the problem of reception by Russian and Vietnamese legislation of provisions on Roman easement, as well as to develop de lege ferenda ideas about the modern approach to the regulation of easement relations in the legislation of both states and identify trends in their development.
Objectives. Within the framework of the research, the following tasks are set: a comprehensive study of the genesis of the institute of easement in the law of Russia and Vietnam; comparison and identification of approaches and trends in the development of this institute; the proposal of various approaches for the modernization of the easement.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists of: the formal legal method, the historical method, the philosophical method, the method of analysis, synthesis and the comparative legal method.
Results. A comparative legal analysis of the formation and development of the institute of easement in the law of Russia and Vietnam is carried out.
Conclusions. The formation and development of the institution of servitude in Russia and Vietnam are based on Roman ideas, as well as on a number of national factors. Analyzing the legal regulation of servitude relations in the modern legislation of Vietnam and Russia, we can conclude that it is far from perfect.

Relevance. The most important task that needs to be solved in the legal regulation of inheritance of property used in family entrepreneurial activity is to ensure the possibility of continuation of such activity, including through its possible transformation into other forms. The need to balance the interests of all stakeholders, including in the continuation of family business or its termination on agreed terms is justified.
The purpose is to develop proposals for solving the problems of the continuation of family business activities in the inheritance.
Objectives: to determine the rights and obligations of participants in the family business when inheriting; to form models for solving problems of the continuation of family business when inheriting; to establish the ratio of family and inheritance law when running a family business.
Methodology. In the research we used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, formal-legal, interpretation of legal norms.
Results. The success of a family business requires stable, professional management of the business. Depending on the preservation of fiduciary relations between the participants of family entrepreneurial activity, problems arising in succession can be solved in two ways: coordination of the redistribution of functions, and in their absence - transformation of activities by changing the forms of its implementation, the order of decision-making.
Conclusion. The issues arising may be resolved by concluding an agreement between the parties concerned, determining the procedure for conducting family business activities, including in the case of its continuation in case of inheritance of property used in carrying out such activities. Such an agreement may determine the procedure for transformation of family business activities in the event of changes in the composition of its participants or ownership of the property used.

Relevance. The author researches the legislation stipulated a set of provisions that give priority to the interests of the author in addressing issues related to the use of works, payment of remuneration, limitations of liability, and notes that the consolidation of such provisions can be considered as a manifestation of the general principle of priority observance of the rights of authors. The article notes that the author should be protected as a "weak party" of arising civil legal relations, but his interests should not be absolutized, in this regard it is necessary to search and establish a reasonable balance of interests of the author and other participants of civil circulation.
The purpose is to determine the meaning of the principle of priority observance of the rights of authors to ensure the balance of interests of participants in civil legal relations.
Objectives: to determine the specifics of enforcement of exclusive rights belonging to the author; to identify the contradictions between the interests of authors and other persons in the case of bankruptcy and liquidation of legal entities; to form the principle of priority respect for the rights of authors.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study were used methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of summary and grouping of information.
Results. The most acute contradiction between the interests of authors and other persons may manifest itself in the case of bankruptcy and liquidation of legal entities, when deciding on the possibility of transferring exclusive rights to works and the transfer of rights arising from licensing contracts concluded with the author.
Conclusion. The rights and legitimate interests of creditors must be taken into account in a way that does not lead to a violation of the rights of authors and their heirs, but the authors also do not have the right without sufficient grounds to reject the contracts concluded by them, to demand a revision of their conditions, if such a possibility is not provided by the concluded contracts or the provisions of the current legislation. It is on this basis of compliance with contractual terms and legal requirements that a compromise between different categories of interested parties can be reached.

Relevance. This article discusses topical issues of expanding the role of a criminal record in modern criminal law, acquiring the status of a sign of certain elements of crimes, as well as the problems that arise in this case and require resolution at the legislative level.
The purpose is to identify the law value of a previous conviction as a sign of the subject of certain crimes, considering the modern version of the criminal law and practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
The objectives analysis of the composition of crimes, including a previous conviction as a mandatory feature of the subject, determining the patterns of fixing a criminal record as a mandatory feature of the composition, identifying existing problems and determining directions for improving criminal legislation in terms of fixing a previous conviction as a mandatory feature of the subject of certain types of crimes.
Methodology. The methodological base of the study is made up of general scientific and particular scientific methods of cognition of reality, which made it possible to investigate a previous conviction as a sign of the elements of certain crimes.
Results. The experience of fixing the value of a previous conviction in criminal law for bringing to criminal responsibility and sentencing from the moment the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation came into force in 1996 to the present has been studied. The main approaches to accounting for a previous conviction in the process of qualification and sentencing are identified. Violations of the systematic approach were found in the formulation of criminal law norms that consider a previous conviction as a sign of composition. A shortcoming of the current version of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has been established, which allows in some cases to consider a previous conviction twice, both in qualifying and in sentencing. Ways to overcome the identified problems and contradictions are proposed.
Conclusion. A previous conviction is considered not only in the case of recidivism of crimes and the imposition of punishment, but also as a sign of the main and qualified elements of crimes. Accounting for a previous conviction as a sign of a corpus delicti should be carried out systematically, with unified wording. The issue of the ratio of the social danger of a crime committed by a person brought to administrative responsibility and convicted has not been resolved. In cases where a previous conviction is a sign of the main or qualified corpus delicti, it should be provided in Article 68 a special rule that prevents double counting of this feature, as was done in the original version of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 1996.

Relevance. The article raises a problem, the solution of which is crucial for understanding conditional early release from serving a sentence. In the modern doctrine of criminal and penal enforcement law, there has been a tendency to attribute parole to the legitimate interests of convicts and, as a result, to deny it the role of subjective law. However, such an approach contradicts not only the concepts of the essence of the categories of "subjective right" and "legitimate interest" that have developed in the general theory of law, but also the level and nature of the provision of parole guaranteed by the current Russian legislation.
The purpose of the study is to substantiate conditional early release from serving a sentence as a subjective right of convicts and to determine the boundaries of its implementation precisely as a subjective right.
Objectives: identification of essential, distinctive features of subjective right and legitimate interest; disclosure (by way of comparison) of the necessary defense as a universally recognized subjective right of any person; establishment in parole of properties identifying it as a subjective right or legitimate interest of convicts.
Methodology. When writing the work, both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and private scientific, including special legal (formal legal, comparative legal) methods of cognition were used.
Results. Based on the conducted research, it was determined that conditional early release from serving a sentence reveals the features of subjective law.
Conclusion. According to the level of state recognition and legal security, conditional early release from serving a sentence is a subjective right of convicts. However, it is not absolute, individual claims of convicts, although they are associated with parole, are provided exclusively at the level of legitimate interests.

The relevance of the research is due to the existence of different approaches to the question of the possibility of conducting an interrogation of persons conducting an investigation and its subject. The criminal procedure legislation prohibits such interrogation, however, at the theoretical and practical levels there are supporters of a broader interpretation of the criminal procedure rules governing the institution of interrogation.
The purpose of the research is to form criteria that will help determine the possibility of conducting an interrogation of persons conducting an investigation without violating the requirements imposed by the criminal procedure law to evidence.
The objectives of the research: to determine the possible purpose of criminal procedural evidence; to consider the properties of evidence; to reveal the peculiarities of interrogation in criminal proceedings; to identify the reasons preventing the interrogation of persons conducting an investigation; to carry out a historical analysis of changes in legislation regarding the interrogation of persons conducting an investigation; to systematize various positions on the possibility and subject of the interrogation of the investigator.
Methodology. Methodological basis of research is a general scientific dialectical method as a method of scientific knowledge; statistical method; a systematic approach to the problem, historical method, formal-logical method, etc.
Results. In the course of the study, various approaches to the question of the possibility of conducting an interrogation of persons conducting an investigation were identified and systematized. The author formulated his own vision of the problem, and also described the existing legal restrictions during the interrogation of the investigator.
Conclusion. According to the current legislation, the interrogation of persons conducting the investigation is impossible. However, in some cases, their interrogation makes it possible to establish important details for the investigation, therefore, at the legislative level it is necessary to provide for such cases and regulate in detail the procedure of such interrogation. At the same time, the information provided by the person cannot fill in the substantive side of the evidence recognized as inadmissible.

Relevance. The article is devoted to the increasing danger of global problems of our time, which have certain specifics, affecting the interests of all countries and peoples of the world, and to a large extent – the Russian Federation. The environmental problem is one of the intractable and extremely dangerous problems for the whole world, endangering the existence of life on Earth. The essence of this problem lies in the fact that the vital relationship between nature and man was once violated. This situation has led to the rapid depletion of all possible resources, the destruction and impoverishment of a large number of plants and animals, and critical environmental pollution.
The purpose: the aim is to substantiate the criminological study of the global problems of our time and to find ways out of the current situation, to clarify the concept of environmental safety of Russia.
Objectives: to identify potential threats to Russia's environmental security, to propose measures to minimize damage from global problems of our time.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition of reality, which allow us to explore the global problems of our time. A political and legal approach to the study was applied.
Results. In the course of the study, an understanding of the global problems of our time is proposed as a complex of interrelated and interdependent vital global problems with a pronounced economic aspect, the presence of which may threaten the very existence of human civilization and which require international cooperation for their solution.
Conclusions. The study suggests ways out of the current situation, including the need to reduce the anthropogenic load, limiting the number of motor transport, improving environmental literacy and culture of the population, - rational use of plastic products, stimulating the use of environmentally friendly transport and energy, family planning policy, conducting a clear criminal and environmental policy, strengthening penalization for environmental crimes.

Relevance. The issue of deploying a US missile defense system has now become more relevant than ever in connection with the latest events in Ukraine. Developing countries where US missile defense systems are being deployed should understand that they themselves can become a target for other states involved in some kind of local conflict. This situation was exacerbated by the US refusal to renew the Treaty on Limiting the Deployment of ABM Forces.
The purpose is to consider trends in the deployment of US missile defense systems in the Asia-Pacific region in the context of the threat to the national security of the countries of this region.
Objectives to consider the stages of deployment of the US global missile defense system; to study the positions of the US missile defense deployment in the Asia-Pacific region; to identify problem fields in the geopolitical space of the Asia-Pacific region, the Russian Federation and the United States in connection with the deployment of the missile defense system in this region.
Methodology. The method of comparative analysis was used to compare various official documents and reports from Washington on the deployment of missile defense systems in the Asia-Pacific region; the system analysis method allowed us to examine the data of Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense and U.S. Department of Defense.
Results. The study proved that Washington is pursuing a more flexible policy in the Asia-Pacific region based on disagreements between the key actors in the region - China, North Korea, the Republic of Korea, and Japan. China is seriously opposing the United States in the Asia-Pacific region, but in military-technical terms, it is still losing. The deployment of the US missile defense system on the territory of South Korea and Japan destabilizes the situation in the Asia-Pacific region.
Conclusions. Tensions in the Asia-Pacific region are rising because of the THAAD system in Songju, Japan, which Washington is deploying on the territory of Japan and South Korea, seeking to create a global US missile defense system. But the contradictions between the major powers in the Asia-Pacific region (Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea) are so deep that the inconsistency in actions between the largest players allows Russia to feel calm about its borders, for national security.

Relevance. The state of Afghanistan has long been characterized by a "political mosaic" of different opposing forces that have always sought to increase their influence in the country. The situation in the country remains difficult. It is necessary to find common ground and establish a dialogue with the authorities of Afghanistan to contain further threats of terrorism and the spread of narcotics around the world.
The purpose of this article is to highlight the phenomenon of "political mosaic" on the territory of Afghanistan, the presence of which, in turn, exacerbates the security situation in the country, and to describe Russia's attempts to initiate peace talks with the Afghan authorities.
Objectives. To give a brief description of the Taliban movement and list historical information about the transition to post-Taliban rule in this state; to characterize the period of post-Taliban rule; to analyze relations between Russia and post-Taliban Afghanistan.
Methodology. In writing the work, general scientific methods were used: historical and logical, theoretical and empirical, inductive and deductive, and comparative. Among the specific scientific methods such methods as systematic, logical-legal and comparative-legal methods were used in work.
Results. In the article the historical preconditions of Afghanistan's statehood in the post-Taliban period were studied. Attention was paid to the phenomenon of Taliban movement and their influence on modern Afghanistan; the question of Taliban's fall and the fate of Taliban who migrated outside the state was also touched upon. The issues of bilateral relations between Russia and Afghanistan have been covered and a comparative analysis of such relations during the Taliban's rule and after their departure from the country, as well as at the present stage of development of international relations has been made.
Conclusions. Even today, Russia continues to mediate in the Afghan peace process. It seems that Russia's policy of refraining from military action and direct involvement in the conflict and from supporting terrorists has proven to be the wisest and most strategic choice available. Regardless of the outcome of the conflict, Russia will retain the ability to assist in the peace process and will continue to be a mediator that the opposing forces can turn to.

Relevance. The accession of the Republic of South Africa to the BRIC group in 2011 significantly increased the attention to this association from other international organizations and leading economic powers. The article discusses the prerequisites for the decision by the administration of South African President Jacob Zuma (2009-2018) to join the BRIC, the political and economic aspects of South Africa's relations with partners in the group during the presidency of J. Zuma.
The purpose of the study is to identify the political and economic reasons for the accession of South Africa to the BRIC association.
The Objectives of the research are: analysis of the main vectors of interaction between South Africa and the BRICS countries under Jacob Zuma; determination of the foreign policy rhetoric of South Africa at the time of accession the BRIC; analysis of South Africa's bilateral relations with Russia and China; comparison of South African trade with the BRICS countries under Jacob Zuma.
The research methodology is based on analysis and synthesis as general research methods. The structuralfunctional method and comparative political analysis were also used. Through the structural-functional method, the links between the political actors of South Africa in the framework of cooperation with the BRICS countries were revealed. Comparative political analysis made it possible to identify the features of South Africa's foreign policy rhetoric during the period of joining the BRIC and the nature of South Africa's bilateral relations with Russia and China.
Results. The foreign policy rhetoric of South Africa is defined as one of the motives for joining the BRIC group. The lobbying approach of South Africa in its relations with Russia and China in the framework of accession the BRIC has been revealed. Aspects of South African trade with the BRICS countries under Zuma are considered; it is established that from a trade point of view, China is South Africa's key partner in the BRICS group.
Conclusion. The accession of South Africa to the BRIC group in 2011 allowed Pretoria to significantly increase its international status and secure the role of a "regional power" in the emerging new world order, to strengthen its position as a representative of the African continent. In the process of joining the BRIC, the main goals of South Africa's foreign policy were reflected - strengthening the status of Africa's regional leader.

Relevance. The involvement of subnational regions in the political process in the second half of the 20th century led to their perception as actors. Gradually, the regions began to carry out external relations. At the moment this is typical for the subnational level of federations as well as for the regions of unitary countries. Together with significant advantages for the development of the regions, this phenomenon holds a great potential for conflict. This process is most clearly manifested in the framework of integration entities, since there the involvement of the subnational level in the decision-making process inevitably leads to the implementation of external relations. The analysis of these links seems relevant due to the development of integration processes in the world, as well as taking into account the quantitative predominance of unitary states. Taking into account the depth of integration and the number of unitary states, the European Union is seen as the most illustrative example.
The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main trends of the implementation of external relations by subnational regions of unitary countries within the EU.
Objectives of the study are to analyze the dynamics of the implementation of these links and closely related processes arising in the political architecture of the EU.
Methodology. While preparing the study, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific information, as well as structural-functional and comparative methods were used.
Results. Four main trends of the implementation of external relations of subnational regions within the EU are identified: directly characterizing the process (deepening institutionalization and development of the regulatory framework; expanding the range of topics) and mentioning the related processes (involvement of the municipal level in the implementation of external relations; formation of a single administrative field of external relations at the subnational level).
Conclusion. The changes taking place with the entire complex of external relations of subnational regions of unitary countries within the EU allow to interpret them not as a tool in the implementation of local tasks, but as an integral element of the EU political architecture.

Relevance. The struggle for sobriety is today one of the important social tasks that actualizes the experience of the sober movement in Russia of the late XIX ‒ early XX centuries in general and the vital activity of its representatives in particular.
The purpose is to highlight the life and work of Pyotr Ivanovich Polyakov as a leader of the sober movement of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries.
The objectives arising from this goal are: to explain the motives that prompted the village teacher to practice sobriety; to reveal the content of the work of the "Christian Society of Sobriety and Abstinence"; to trace Polyakov's path to the priesthood.
Methodology. The work is based on the principles of historicism, consistency and scientific objectivity. Historical-situational, anthropological and statistical methods were used to solve individual problems.
Results. In the mid-1880s, a young teacher from the Kursk hinterland, guided by his moral principles and the desire to change the "drunken environment" in which his students existed, organized the "Christian Society of Sobriety and Abstinence". Being one of the first sober organizations, the Christian Society for Sobriety and Abstinence has developed a wide variety of methods of fighting for sobriety, ranging from individual anti-alcohol conversations and ending with the mass release of anti-alcohol publications. They have become an example for sober organizations throughout Russia. In the capital, Peter Ivanovich was ordained to the priesthood and expanded his educational, educational, and publishing activities to promote sober ideas.
Conclusion. Peter Ivanovich Polyakov's contribution to the cause of sobriety was great, which allows him to be called one of the founders of the sober movement in Russia at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the importance of historiographical understanding of the traditional confessional practice’s evolution in the Soviet era, as well as the need to integrate the past of Orthodox culture into the general context of the social and cultural history of the USSR.
The purpose of the research is characteristics of the place and role of the baptism rite in the cultural history of the traditionally Orthodox regions of the USSR in the 1940s – 1980s.
Objectives: to study the scale of Orthodox baptism in the USSR of the specified period; to analyze the peculiarities of mass perception of this practice; to clarify the ways of correlation of Orthodox and Soviet values by citizens who took part in the rite of baptism.
Methodology. In the course of the research of the problems posed in the paper traditional methods of archival work were used as well as methods of oral history – questioning, interviewing. Historical-statistical, comparativehistorical and historical-retrospective methods were used to systematize the data.
Results. The authors analyze the statistics of Orthodox baptism in the post-war period of the history of the USSR and show that anti-religious propaganda had a rather weak effect on its scale. The results of Soviet sociologists’ research and data from modern interviews of elderly believers about the motives of baptism in the Soviet period are compared, the question of the participation of Communists and Komsomol members in this rite is considered, and the phenomenon of combining baptisms with Soviet holidays is characterized.
Conclusions. The paper concludes that the baptism of children remained the cultural norm for the vast majority of the population of the traditionally Orthodox regions of the USSR throughout the post-war period. Representatives of the older generation perceived it as an important religious act, young parents – mainly as a tribute to tradition and older relatives. At the same time, the rite of baptism was not opposed by mass psychology to Soviet values, which created prerequisites for the participation of members of the Communist Party in it.

Relevance. In the first decades of the XXI century, the quality of prefecting musical education occurred in Russia. Outlooking programs implemented in children's music schools and musical departments of children's art schools do not allow students to fully master the game on musical instruments and get vocal skills necessary to continue vocational education. The beneficial effect on the improvement of the named region may also have an analysis and subsequent introduction into the practice of past experience, the achievements of the preceding generations of compatriots.
The purpose of this article is to cover approaches to the organization of educational activities and the educational process in institutions of initial professional music training of the Ulyanovsk region in the 1990s.
The objectives of the study: to determine the basic principles of the state policy of the 1990s in the field of domestic education as a whole and musical education in particular; explore and summarize published and unpublished materials containing information on approaches to the organization of educational activities and educational process in the children's schools of the arts of the Ulyanovsk region in the 1990s.
Methodology. Regulatory legal acts and archival documents were made as sources of this work. The study was also carried out with a support for published materials (monographs, articles). The paper used a number of scientific approaches, the main of which were the principle of objectivity, the method of system analysis, historical and comparative and historical and typological methods.
Results. The study showed that in the 1990s, the Ulyanovsk region had accumulated positive experience in the implementation of educational programs in the field of musical art in institutions of primary professional music training, which can be used today. In particular, issues were effectively solved with the creation of the publicly available to this type of education, ensuring the continuity of the training of educational and continuity of educational programs.
Conclusion. The results of the study seems to be able to use when creating educational programs in the field of musical art in the Russian Federation at the present stage.

Relevance. One of the important indicators of the level of material and living conditions of citizens is the provision of housing. Housing issues in Kazakhstan were very difficult even in the prewar years. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the placement in the republic of a large number of evacuated people, industrial enterprises and various institutions, as well as the difficult socio-economic situation, significantly aggravated them. The Soviet government had to take serious measures aimed at providing at least basic housing, improving the working and living conditions of workers, improving cities and towns, and expanding the housing stock. These problems remained in the post-war period.
The purpose study of the problems of the population of the Aktobe region related to the provision of housing and living conditions in the post-war years.
Objectives: analyze the material and everyday problems of the population: overcrowding as a result of a lack of living space, poor household equipment and poor sanitary condition of hostels and houses; evaluate the activities of the authorities in solving the housing and household problems in the region.
Methodology. The work used general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis) and special historical methods: chronological, comparative-historical, historical-systemic.
Results. The study showed that in general, the housing and household arrangement of the population of the Aktobe region was difficult. Difficult financial and living conditions for workers, war invalids and their families were revealed. Expanded housing construction in the region increased the number of houses. However, this problem could not be solved in the cities, the existing living space was being densified, and the average living space per person in 1952 was less than the all-Union indicators.
Conclusion. The low availability of construction equipment, personnel and materials hampered the development of housing construction in the Aktobe region. During the study period, a certain increase in living space and the number of houses built was revealed. However, the household arrangement of the townspeople and residents of workers' settlements at the enterprises of the city remained rather complicated. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further study of the problem of the development of the housing issue and the organization of the population in the Kazakh SSR in the post-war period.

Relevance. The policy of modern states is aimed at improving national education systems, in particular, individual industries. Positive changes in this issue can be facilitated by the study of the experience of past generations and introducing it into modern practices.
The purpose of this article is to cover approaches to personnel support of music universities in Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century.
The objectives of the study: study the factual material, reflecting the directions of work of the heads of domestic conservatories of the second half of the XIX - the beginning of the 20th century on personnel support of educational institutions; Identify the effectiveness of this activity.
Methodology. When writing the article, the following materials were used: historical essays, journal periodicals, background, dissertations, scientific monographs and articles. The work was carried out with a support on the principle of objectivity. The study used the system analysis method, historical and comparative and historical and typological methods.
Results. The study showed that in the second half of the XIX - early XX century, a positive experience was accumulated in domestic music institutions to attract leading Russian and foreign specialists to work in them. In this matter, the leaders of the first Russian conservatories A. G. Rubinstein (Petersburg), N. K. Rubinstein (Moscow), S. K. Eksner (Saratov) played a crucial role. Thanks to their invited practitioners, domestic pedagogical schools were created and several generations of Russian (Soviet) professional musicians were prepared.
Conclusion. The results of this study may help revise approaches to personnel support of modern music universities in Russia.

The relevance of the article is due to the systematization of available information about the formation of the hotel business in Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century. The authors identified and processed the legislative material on "hotels", explained the measures of Peter the Great on taxation of hotel establishments.
The purpose of the article is to systematize information about the establishment of the hotel business in Petrovsky Russia.
The objectives arising from the set goal are to: to highlight the state of places for staying in the pre-Petrine period; to indicate innovations in the hotel business characteristic of the era of Peter I; to reveal the reasons for numerous changes in the ways of organizing the tax on "hotels".
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, which are aimed at an impartial assessment of events, making judgments based on a comprehensive analysis of facts, considering phenomena in the context of a specific historical epoch. Historical-anthropological, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods have found their application.
Results. In the pre-Petrine period, the hotel business was poorly developed. The first forms of "hotels" were inns and guest houses. Cramping in comfort was a natural phenomenon for them. Under Peter I, Western–type hotel establishments appeared in Russia - living rooms at the post offices, inns. The hotel business is developing qualitatively and quantitatively. Needing funds to wage a protracted Northern War, the tsar imposed a tax on houses intended for "standing". Different taxation systems were tried – state monopoly and pay-off.
Conclusions. The Petrovsky period occupies a special place in the formation of the hotel business. Along with the traditional Russian houses "for standing", European-style hotels have opened. The urgent need for funds required their strict systematization and taxation.