Relevance. Innovative and progressive development of scientific research in recent years has contributed to the development of innovative medical technologies. Their introduction into clinical practice in the provision of medical care in any medical organization dictates the need for legal regulation of the safety of their use and the creation of the most effective mechanism for compensating the patient in case of harm to his life and health. Insurance of professional liability of medical workers is considered as the most civilized mechanism for the realization of the right of patients to appropriate compensation.
The purpose of this publication is to form proposals for legislative regulation of insurance of professional liability of medical workers, designed to protect all parties of legal relations in the provision of medical care and medical services, including with the use of innovative medical technologies.
Objectives. In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: a comprehensive study of the civil law regulation of the sphere of patient insurance and professional responsibility of medical organizations and medical workers was carried out; gaps and problems of legislative regulation of the relations under consideration were identified; proposals were developed to further consolidate the principle of full compensation for damage caused through professional liability insurance.
Methodology. The study uses a set of methods, such as: analysis, synthesis, system approach, dogmatic-legal and system-legal, with the help of which the author carried out an analytical review of the current legislation, determined the specifics of the legal relations under study, identified problems, developed ways of their legal solution.
Results. The author has formulated a position on the need to develop a law that will fix the legal and organizational foundations of compulsory insurance of civil liability of medical personnel.
Conclusion. The potential risk of harm to human life and health as a result of medical care, including the use of innovative medical technologies, determines the detailed and comprehensive legal regulation of the responsibility of medical workers. Taking into account the specifics of legal relations, the most simplified procedure for a patient to receive compensation payments for damages is seen directly in the formation and development of the institute of professional liability insurance of medical organizations.

Relevance. Recently, at the level of international law and the legislation of individual states, an active search has been conducted for new approaches to protecting the rights and freedoms of users in information networks, which is a vulnerable participant in the information turnover market. In the Russian civil doctrine, the issue of organizing legal protection of a user whose data, including personal data, is processed by commercial organizations for the purpose of further profit-making is insufficiently developed. The lack of modern conceptual approaches does not allow us to qualitatively change the current legislation and harmonize the scope of rights of all participants in the commercial circulation of information.
The purpose of the work is to study the commercial turnover of information in information networks, its economic value and methods of legal control of information processing.
Objectives: to analyze the features and differences of information and telecommunications technologies; to assess the economic feasibility of information turnover; to form proposals for changing the current legislation in the field of legal regulation of information markets.
Methodology. In the process of working on the research, general scientific research methods and methods inherent in modern private law science were used. We are talking about the use of methods of analysis and synthesis of information, data interpretation. The analysis of the current legislation in the field of commercial turnover of information is made.
Results. The legal differences between information and telecommunications technologies provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation are determined. The economic significance of information turnover in the information markets is determined. The legal problem of information spatial conversion and its legal control is indicated.
Conclusion. The conducted research provides the basis for an unambiguous conclusion about the lack of necessary legal mechanisms for controlling the turnover of information and insufficient protection of the rights of the owners of the processed information. On the need to implement the legal modernization of the institute of "data localization".

Relevance. Currently, it is difficult to classify our state as one of the countries with a developed insurance market. Despite the fact that almost thirty years have passed since the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation №. of November 27, 1992 4015-1 "On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation", the adoption of special laws on insurance in certain areas, the market of intermediary insurance services is only getting on its way of development. Numerous problems that have not been resolved to date, ambiguous judicial practice delay this process. At the same time, it is necessary to note the positive dynamics: the emergence of new participants in insurance mediation brings Russian insurance legislation closer to world standards. One of the manifestations of the transformation of the insurance sector is the emergence of an insurance actuary. The definition of its legal status, role and functional potential is of considerable interest for the theory of private law about its subjects and law enforcement practice.
The purpose is to determine the legal status of an insurance actuary as an insurance intermediary.
The objectives of the study are as follows: to define an insurance actuary, taking into account its features; to identify the signs of an insurance actuary; to identify the main types of insurance actuaries.
Methods. The article is based on the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, formal legal.
Results. During the scientific work, the legal position of the insurance actuary as one of the insurance intermediaries was determined, a common understanding of the term insurance actuary was developed, and the specific features of this subject were determined.
Conclusion. The insurance actuary is an intermediary in insurance, acting in the interests of the insurer. The legal status of an insurance actuary depends on whether it acts on its own behalf on the basis of an actuarial settlement service agreement with the insurer, or on behalf of an insurance organization in the performance of an employment function.

The relevance of the study of the theory and practice of legal regulation of the estimating land values when seized for state needs is primarily due to the complexity of assessing a land plot as an object because the selection of analogue objects is significantly difficult due to the uniqueness of each land plot, the influence on its cost of a large number of random factors, as well as the absence of a single formula for calculating compensation. In turn, this has a great impact in each particular case when Russian courts appoint an evaluation examination and affects the final decision of the courts.
The purpose is to identify the peculiarities of legal regulation and the established judicial practice of estimating the value of land plots when seized for state needs.
Objectives: to reveal the specifics of the procedure of assessing the value of real estate objects for subsequent seizure; to evaluate the results of existing judicial practice in cases related to the seizure of land plots for state or municipal needs; to identify difficulties arising in the selection of analogous objects of land plots as objects of evaluation.
Methodology. The study was carried out on the basis of the general scientific (dialectical) method of scientific knowledge, methods of analysis, comparison, formal legal, formal logical methods.
The results of the study are distinguished by an applied nature with elements of scientific novelty in the identified approaches and conclusions on the valuation of land plots when seized for state needs.
Conclusion. Compensation for losses in the seizure of land for state needs should be adequate, ensured by fair market value, which should allow the subject to buy real estate of the same characteristics.

Relevance. The civil law institution for the protection and defense of citizens' rights to life and health has always been the focus of close attention of legislators and law enforcement officers because of its constant demand, complex nature, permanent transformation of state coercive measures in this area. The last one is of a special nature, since it predetermines the system of ensuring the rights of citizens to life and health, including the private legal sphere. In the theory of private law, there is no consensus on the problems of protection and defense of the rights of citizens to life and health, which updates the development of various aspects of their implementation.
The purpose is to formulate the characteristics of state coercive measures within the private legal relations of the protection and defense of citizens' rights to life and health.
Objectives: to identify elements of state coercive measures of the protection and defense of citizens' rights to life and health; to identify the specificity of sanction as a measure of state coercion; to investigate mandatory relationships due to harm to human life and health.
Methodology. The article is made on the basis of the general scientific (dialectical) method of scientific cognition, analysis, induction and deduction, comparison, formal legal, formal logical methods.
Results. The article defines the legal characteristics of state coercive measures of the protection and defense of the rights of citizens to life and health, defines the functions of civil liability in applying measures of state coercive measures of the protection and defense of the rights of citizens to life and health in the Russian Federation.
Conclusion. State coercive measures have a special character, and in doing so the legal activity of the entities is important, as the fact of causing harm to life and health and the unilateral requirement of the victim is sufficient for the legal sanction to enter into force without the participation of the competent authorities.

Relevance. Dangerous violations of sectoral medical law, regulated by a number of federal laws, should be protected by the norms of criminal law. At first glance, this is true, but a detailed analysis of regulatory and protective legislation indicates a significant inconsistency in the issues of liability for defects in the provision of medical care, especially specialized in terms of non-provision of narcological, psychiatric, palliative care.
The purpose is to substantiate the need to develop regulations for the responsibility of medical workers as a prerequisite for the qualitative application of criminal law norms.
Objectives to determine the contradictions of sectoral and criminal legislation; to indicate the technical and legal errors of Article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, to provide criteria for understanding the objective side and signs of the subject of the crime.
The research methodology is based on the general principles of scientific knowledge: determinism, conformity and complementarity. Methods of systematic interdisciplinary analysis and synthesis using general philosophical methods of induction and deduction are also used.
Results. The scope of the concept of "medical care" in the signs of a crime provided for in Article 124 of the Criminal Code cannot be limited by the law enforcement officer, either depending on the types of medical care, or the conditions of its provision, or the forms. Therefore, liability under this norm may occur if medical care is not provided in emergency and urgent forms, as well as if the procedure for providing medical care is violated in the event of the occurrence of the consequences specified in the law. Signs of violations of the provision of medical care, persons responsible for these violations, as well as the legal consequences of violations should be developed within the framework of liability regulations.
Conclusion. The implementation of Article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in practice is currently somewhat intuitive, which is due to internal contradictions of medical and criminal legislation.

Relevance. This article is devoted to the study of the activities of "death groups", as well as to the identification of the main features of the functioning of legal norms that establish criminal liability for their activities. The author has tried to identify the most important information technology, legal aspects of involving children and adolescents in "death groups".
The purpose is to develop a social technology for preventing and countering the processes of involving children and adolescents in the practice of suicidal behavior.
Objectives to study statistical data on the prevalence of "death groups" in social networks, their activities and its consequences.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is a symbiosis of general scientific, special and private scientific methods of cognition, which allows us to study "death groups" in social networks.
Results. In the course of the work, the author comes to the conclusion that suicide is one of the leading causes of death of young people, and therefore analyzes the effectiveness of measures taken to combat suicide of minors. To do this, the author studied statistical data on the demographic characteristics of convicted persons for 2018-2020 and the first half of 2021. During the study period, 17 people were convicted under the newly introduced articles (Article 110.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation -12 people. Attention is drawn to the fact that 4 convicts were aged 14-17 years. This circumstance casts doubt on the effectiveness of the general and special prevention in relation to minors interested in suicidal topics.
Conclusions. The social technology of preventing suicide of adolescents and countering their involvement in "death groups" should include monitoring the adaptation of adolescents in a team, improving social conditions and education, special attention should be paid to the identified age group at risk.

Relevance. During the financial and economic crisis caused by many factors, among which are the collapse of the "oil deal" in the OPEC format, the economic consequences of the spread of COVID-19, the formation of a credit  bubble, the unpredictability of currency volatility, there is a decrease in the profitability of the usual savings and savings instruments. On the other hand, against the background of these phenomena, the need for business to attract third-party capital is only growing, which, together with the desire of citizens not only to preserve, but also to multiply their free savings, causes the rapidly increasing popularity of investing in securities. At the same time, of particular importance for the investment process is its first stage – the issuance (issue) of securities. Without proper legal protection, this institution becomes a fertile ground for various kinds of abuses that cause significant damage to investors, securities holders, corporations, and the state.
The purpose of the work is to determine the criminal-legal mechanism for protecting the issue of securities in the Russian Federation.
Objectives: to give a legal description of criminal encroachments on the procedure for issuing securities (including solving the problems of delineation from general norms), to compare the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the procedure for issuing securities with the similar legislation of some other states, to determine the sufficiency and necessity of the existing system of criminal law norms through which the issue of securities is protected.
Methodology. In the course of the work, methods of comparative, systemic and structural-functional analysis, systematic interdisciplinary analysis and synthesis were used. The study was conducted using general philosophical methods of induction and deduction, a comparative legal method.
Results. The study revealed that the existing system of criminal law norms aimed at protecting the issue of securities does not meet the challenges of the modern reality of the stock market, and the approaches applied by the legislator to the construction of criminal law prohibitions are not relevant to the initial norms of civil and financial law.
Conclusion. It seems appropriate to follow the example of European states and qualify the criminal acts committed in the process of issuing securities as fraud. At the same time, Article 185 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should be formulated in such a way that its blank nature refers the law enforcement officer directly to such a dynamic corporate law.

Relevance. The achievements of the digital revolution are actively penetrating all spheres of public life. Law enforcement is also transforming, and modern technologies are increasingly being used in legal proceedings. The criminal process also feels this informational influence. But digitalization of the criminal process can go in different directions and is associated with certain risks. The greatest concern of scientists and practitioners is the use of intelligent systems when passing court decisions, since in this direction digitalization can also have a negative impact on ensuring the rights of participants in legal proceedings and other persons.
Purpose. Disclosure of the possibilities and risks of using intelligent systems for supporting judicial decisions in criminal proceedings.
Objective: to reveal modern approaches to digitalization of the criminal procedure; to identify the possibilities of using intelligent systems when the court decides on criminal cases; determine the risks accompanying the use of intelligent systems for supporting judicial decision-making in criminal proceedings, and ways to minimize them.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, comparative-legal, formal-legal methods and general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, analogy) were used.
Results. Proposals are formulated aimed at adjusting doctrinal and legislative approaches to ensuring the rights of participants in criminal proceedings, as a prerequisite for further digitalization of the procedural activity of the court in a criminal case.
Conclusion. Currently, there are no organizational and legal conditions for the more active use of intelligent systems in the framework of criminal proceedings. It requires a systematic discussion of the possibilities for further digitalization of procedural activities, a change in approaches to the training of legal personnel, the identification of risks associated with ensuring the rights of participants in the process and the corresponding systemic adjustment of legislation.

Relevance. In domestic legal science in general, and in the theory of criminal procedure in particular, there is no unity of views on the relationship between the concepts of "restriction of rights" and "waiver of rights". Meanwhile, the study of the issue of conjugation of these concepts is important, because in the conditions of the initially unequal position of the individual and the state represented by officials and bodies, the possibility of using coercion by them, which is especially clearly manifested in the field of criminal proceedings, the confusion of these concepts and their unjustified substitution are fraught with illegal infringement of the rights and freedoms of the individual, possible abuses by officials conducting criminal proceedings. These circumstances necessitate a scientific understanding of the problem of the relationship between the restriction of the rights and freedoms of the individual and the rejection of subjective rights.
Purpose - to study the relationship between the concepts of "restriction of rights" and "waiver of rights" in the domestic doctrine of criminal procedure law.
Objective. To achieve the stated goal, the authors study the concept of limitation of law and refusal of subjective law in criminal proceedings, which are available in the domestic doctrine of law, based on the signs of these two legal phenomena, and identify their relationship.
Methodology. The research is based on the universal dialectical method of scientific knowledge and general scientific methods based on it (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), as well as specific scientific methods of cognition (formal-logical, formal-legal, etc.).
Results. Authors formulated the concepts of "restriction of rights in criminal procedure " and "waiver of rights in criminal procedure".
Conclusion. Restriction of rights and waiver of rights are independent legal phenomena that have different legal nature and purpose.

The relevance of this study lies in the issues of the rights of minors, which are under the scrutiny of law enforcement agencies. The tendency is towards specialization in the aspect of knowledge of child psychology by interrogators, investigators, juvenile judges work with full dedication. However, the implementation of constitutional principles, the humanization of criminal proceedings in juvenile cases require the introduction of modernized means and tactics of investigation and consideration of cases.
The purpose is to substantiate the need to expand the competence of a psychologist, in some cases and a psychiatrist, to determine the individual properties of a minor in order to ensure a competent choice of tactics for the production of investigative and procedural actions with his participation.
Objectives: to draw the attention of scientists and practitioners to the individualization of the procedural form in cases of minors in the light of personal characteristics; to consider the specifics of the participation of a psychologist as an assistant in the choice of tactics for the production of investigative actions with the participation of minors; to note the need for the most frequent appointment of a forensic psychological examination to understand the personality characteristics and inclinations of a minor.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is the method of dialectical scientific knowledge, as well as a systematic approach to the problem under consideration, a formal-logical method, analysis, synthesis.
The results of the study are to substantiate the potential of psychological knowledge in order to establish competent tactics for the production of investigative actions with the participation of a minor.
Conclusion. The issues of juvenile rights are under the scrutiny of law enforcement agencies. The tendency is towards specialization in the aspect of knowledge of child psychology by interrogators, investigators, juvenile judges work with full dedication. However, the implementation of constitutional principles, the humanization of criminal proceedings in juvenile cases require the introduction of modernized tactics of investigation and consideration of cases. In particular, it is advisable both to expand the grounds for the participation of a psychologist in juvenile affairs and to optimize the production of a forensic psychological examination to determine the tactics of criminal proceedings from the standpoint of an individual approach to the personality of a minor.

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the absence in the doctrine of scientific research related to the problems of ensuring the effectiveness of criminal procedural activity.
The purpose is to identify, structure and study the means that affect the effectiveness of procedural activities in order to further optimize them.
The objectives of the research are: classification of means that ensure the effectiveness of criminal procedural activity; development and justification of the feasibility of identifying several levels at which the tasks of ensuring the effectiveness of procedural activities are solved; characteristic of each level.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the method of dialectical cognition; specific sociological methods: questioning, observation; method of system-structural analysis; and etc.
Results. 4 levels were identified and substantiated, on the basis of which the means that affect the effectiveness of criminal procedural activity are manifested - this is the scientific level, legislative, law enforcement and personal.
Conclusions. The scientific level, in the author's opinion, is manifested in the development of a scientific concept of the organization of criminal proceedings, as well as in the development and application of scientific achievements that are in demand in practice, their substantiation and adaptation in criminal procedural activities. The legislative level of ensuring the effectiveness of the criminal procedure is formed both from the development by the legislator of an impeccable legal framework, and the formation of the legal positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation regarding controversial issues of interpretation of certain norms of the law and their compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the correctness of application.
The law enforcement level covers the means and methods, as well as the organizational aspects of criminal procedure. The author substantiates his opinion that law enforcement should contain a stage of execution of decisions to the extent that criminal procedural issues are resolved. The personal level is the conscious activity of the participants in criminal proceedings, based on their knowledge, will, motivation for their actions and decisions, as well as psychological and moral attitudes.

Relevance. German social policy solutions became an example for imitation for other countries, including Russia, and are usually considered to be a standard due to their coverage and efficiency. Studying the German experience is valuable for development of the political science and for reforming the social policy systems.
Purpose – to describe the origins and implementation of the social state in Germany.
Objectives: to present the development and functioning of the pension and medical insurance systems, unemployment insurance and measures of the public social support.
Methodology: comparative and historical approach, analysis of legal documents and institutions.
Results. The foundations of the social assistance in Germany were created in the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, with introduction of programs of insurance funding for medical expenses and old-age and disability pensions, followed by unemployment insurance. The system operates for more than a century and effectively accomplishes the task of risk pooling, and it mainly relies on self-government. In the second half of the XX century the law that regulated the social assistance in Germany was extended significantly, the burden on the budget increased, as well as size of the insurance contributions. Citizens obtained the right for family benefits, the role of the housing benefits, unemployment and low-income support was increased. In the end of the XX century Germany introduced insurance to fund the long-term care.
Conclusion. A developed system of social support exists in Germany, it relies on centuries-old traditions of local and corporative mutual help, with coordination and subsidies coming from the federal centre. The most powerful elements of the German social policy, which secure its’ efficiency, are historically established self-government and solidarity

The relevance of the article is determined by the dynamism and systemic variability of the European political process, which is characterized by political changes in state institutions, their renewal and adaptation to modern realities. Taking into account the fact that 11 European states are parliamentary monarchies, special attention should be paid to the analysis of political changes characteristic of states with this type of form of government in view of the special political uniqueness of monarchical state power. The construction of a theoretical model that structures the political changes of European parliamentary monarchies will make it possible to deepen systemic studies aimed at identifying the essential characteristics of European states with an appropriate form of government.
The purpose of the article is to build a typology of political changes affecting European states with a parliamentary-monarchical form of government.
The objectives of the research include the development, structuring, systematization and illustration of the types of political changes in a number of variables that reveal political signs and properties of political changes, including their impact on the political process and the political system.
The research methodology is based on the principles, approaches and methods of political science. Particular attention is paid to the application of systemic, historical, structural-functional and comparative research methods.
The results. This study offers a typology of political change based on the historical period, the nature of the political change, and its impact on the form of government. Each group of types of political changes has several varieties, allowing you to classify any political change in European parliamentary monarchies, allowing it to be attributed to several categories.
The conclusions. Political changes taking place in European parliamentary monarchies are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon reflecting the development of the European political process and the adaptation of the political systems of states to the needs of political actors and public interests. Their heterogeneity and multidimensionality does not allow considering these political changes in one-dimensional categories of analysis, due to which the need for their typology is recognized, the generally accepted model of which is absent in modern Russian scientific discourse. Different types of political changes can initiate different types of political scenarios, which is an important factor contributing to political analysis of the current situation of European parliamentary monarchies, as well as political forecasting of subsequent political changes, including potential changes in the form of government in some situations.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to comprehend the problems of naval policy in order to solve them within the framework of the implementation of the goals of strategic planning of maritime activities of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030.
The purpose of the study is a political analysis of the current problems of Russia's naval policy, the solution of which is necessary to achieve the goals of strategic planning for the period up to 2030 in the field of maritime activities.
The objectives of the study were: political analysis of the latest documents of the state policy in the field of maritime activity of Russia in order to identify the most significant problems that require prompt resolution; content analysis of certain provisions of the Strategy for the Development of Maritime Activities in the Russian Federation adopted until 2030; analysis of the research directions of the naval policy of Russia by Russian scientists; development of recommendations on possible solutions to problems of a political and legal nature that contribute to improving the effectiveness of further implementation of Russia's naval policy for the strategic period up to 2030.
The methodology of scientific research is based on the use of methods of political science and content analysis of strategic documents that determine the vector of development of modern Russian naval policy for the next decade. The research uses methods of political science and jurisprudence (in particular, legal analysis).
Results. The author substantiates the most pressing problems of Russia's naval policy, the solution of which directly affects the results of strategic planning of maritime activities in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. The analysis of the positions of Russian scientists and practitioners on the problem of research is carried out.
Conclusion. The study made it possible to formulate the necessary recommendations regarding the solution of the problems of incompleteness of international legal regulation of the maritime borders of Russia with certain neighboring states as the main problems of the implementation of modern naval policy of the Russian Federation.

Relevance. The article considers tasks of preserving UNESCO’s role as an intellectual leader in the UN system, as a major constituent of the political mechanism of the modern world order and an alternative of the international relations’ stability. The article focuses on identifying the priorities of the perspective Russia-UNESCO cooperation that along with civilizational aspects fully serve the national interests of our country.
The purpose of the article is to study institutional and functional aspects of UNESCO activities, to identify the most important and relevant goals of the mutually beneficial cooperation between Russia and UNESCO in the process of the strategic transformation of the Organization.
Objectives of the research consist in analyzing scientific and political capacity of UNESCO, examining the problem of its reform and perspectives of the activities, considering the possibilities of optimizing Russia’s participation in UNESCO programs for the purpose of promoting national interests of the country.
Methodology. In accordance with the purpose of the article the research methods included a system-based analysis, content-analysis with its functional and empiric methods.
Results. Some recommendations are made on streamlining Russia’s participation in UNESCO activities. Certain proposals have been made concerning the perspectives of the Russia-UNESCO cooperation.
Conclusion. UNESCO has earned a well-deserved authority and is very popular in Russia. Its unique mandate that encompasses different problems in the sphere of science, education and culture, gives the possibility to wide range of Russian federal and regional authorities and civil society to participate in this cooperation. The perspective of the collaboration of Russia and UNESCO will depend on the ability of the Organization to adequately adapt to the contemporary challenges, staying committed to the principles of depolitization and conserving the mandate of the world leading institute of the humanitarian cooperation.

Relevance. Modern discussions about the past and present of the Russian countryside create the need to refer to the historical experience of the Soviet state in regulating social processes. In the 1970s, the state began to turn towards the social sphere of the village, new trends in its development emerged. This is the period when the party leadership of the country is searching for optimal ways to solve the issues of improving the socio-economic and cultural living conditions of rural workers.
The purpose – analysis of the main aspects of state regulation of the social sphere of the village of the Orenburg region in the 1970s.
Objectives: to determine the content and main directions of the state policy on the social development of rural areas; to study the regional aspects of social policy in rural areas, to show the features of its implementation in the Orenburg region.
Metodology. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach. The comparative historical method and the method of logical analysis are used.
Results. The understanding of the importance of social issues was reflected in a number of documents of the party and state bodies of the Orenburg region in the 1970s. At meetings of regional party conferences, as well as plenums of the Orenburg Regional Committee, various social and everyday issues were put as the main agenda of the event. The study reveals the ways, forms and methods of activating socio-cultural activities in rural areas, provides an objective analysis of the role of party and economic structures in the processes of reforming the social sphere.
Conclusion. In the 1970s, the state turned to the social sphere of the village, new trends in its development were outlined. Despite the fact that the awareness of the importance of social development of rural areas and the population was evidently reflected in many resolutions of the regional committee and official speeches of the top officials of the region, social policy in the 1970s did not become a priority area of activity of the regional party organization.

Relevance. This article is an attempt to analyze the state of the Soviet military aviation, including combat training, in the pre-war period and the influence of these factors on military operations in the initial period of the war. The study of the reasons for the failures of the Soviet troops during this period, especially the heavy losses of combat aviation, was carried out in many works over a long period of time, but these works mainly dealt with issues related to aviation technology. The state of combat training and military discipline in aviation units and formations and the influence of subjective factors on their level are practically not considered in these works. Therefore, the relevance of this article is beyond doubt.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the state of the Soviet military aviation, taking into account the objective and subjective reasons, the level of its readiness for combat operations and the implementation of various measures to improve them in the course of preparing the general preparation of the USSR for the war.
Objectives. To consider the problems of the Soviet military aviation, taking into account the state of discipline and combat training, identified in various military conflicts and the Soviet-Finnish war; to evaluate the considered reasons for the results of aviation combat operations in the initial period of the war.
Methodology. The article is based on the general principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In addition, methods of interpretation and content analysis were used.
Results. The Soviet-Finnish war and military conflicts in the second half of the 30s of the last century revealed great shortcomings in the training and armament of the Red Army aviation. These shortcomings were actively discussed at the highest level of the military leadership. Many decisions were made to eliminate them. So, the creation of new aviation technology, especially fighters, has accelerated. The restructuring of the entire combat training system was begun in order to correct the shortcomings and increase the readiness of the flight personnel and the command of aviation units and formations. But, despite the measures taken, the level of general readiness of military aviation was not brought to the required level for various reasons (including due to lack of time), which ultimately became one of the main reasons for the tragic events of the summer and autumn of 1941.
Conclusion. The general state of the Soviet military aviation in the period under review was determined not only by the objective factors (for example, the level of the aviation industry development), but also largely by subjective, personal factors.

The relevance of the topic of the research is conditioned by the necessity to reflect in the historical science the peculiarities of development of the Soviet public health care in the conditions of the postwar reconstruction. The functioning of medical institutions in the postwar period took place in difficult conditions not only in the liberated territory, but also in the rear regions, as the consequences of the Great Patriotic War for the country and all the peoples of the former Soviet Union were enormous. Currently, Russian and Kazakh historiography lacks comprehensive studies on this issue, and the available works are mostly fragmentary in nature.
The purpose of the research is to study the problems of medical and sanitary-preventive institutions, the state of health of the population of the Aktobe region of the Kazakh SSR in the post-war years.
Objectives: on the basis of the documents of the State Archive of Aktobe region to analyze problems such as the shortage of medical personnel in the region, poor material - technical support and poor sanitary condition of medical institutions, to assess the extent of the spread of various infectious diseases, especially among the rural population.
Methodology. The source base of the research includes published materials and archive documents. In the work were used scientific methods, typical for historical research: historical-genetic, comparative-historical.
Results. The study showed that in general the state of medical institutions during the late Stalinism period in the territory of Aktobe region was unsatisfactory. The study of published sources and archival documents allowed us to reveal the real picture of the need and scarcity in the hospital institutions in the postwar years, as well as to assess the government attempts to reform the system of outpatient and polyclinic institutions.
Conclusion. Deterioration of public health, which resulted in a decrease in the birth rate and increased mortality, arose as a result of the Great Patriotic War. Low provision of equipment, medical instruments contributed to the decline in the quality of medical care. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further study of the problem of development and organization of health care in the Kazakh SSR in the postwar period.

The relevance of the article is that the Water Rescue Society in the city of Tiflis was an organization that provides assistance to drowning people and consists of enthusiasts. At the turn of the twentieth century . The Maritime Ministry of Russia took care of a significant number of annual accidents that occurred on the reservoirs of the Russian Empire. The created Russian society of rescuers tried to establish branches in all significant provincial cities. Among the provincial rescue societies, the Tiflis organization stood out for its active professional activity and support from the official authorities, merchants and clergy. From the very beginning of its existence, members of the Tiflis Rescue Society have contributed to the national cause of saving drowning people.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the award system of the Russian Society of rescuers and to characterize the merits of the Tiflis district public organization in rescuing drowning people in the province.
Objectives of the article: With the help of little-known published reports of the Tiflis Rescue Society to analyze the process of formation of the Russian award system associated with the rescue of drowning. To consider the activities of the Russian Society of rescuers aimed at rewarding professional and voluntary rescuers of the Tiflis province. To identify the peculiarities of awarding the personnel of the Tiflis Rescue Society and to determine the achievements of the provincial public organization in the rescue of drowning.
Methodology. The work used traditional and general scientific methods together with a historical and situational approach in the study of the features of encouraging and rewarding members of the Tiflis Rescue Society at the All-Russian level.
Results. The award system formed by the Russian Society of rescuers, together with the distinctive signs of district organizations, were a significant incentive for the development of the cause of drowning rescue in prerevolutionary Russia.
The conclusions of the article contain an opinion on the effectiveness and attractiveness of the award system together with distinctive signs for district public organizations formed by the Russian Society of rescuers. The use of such an organizational approach contributed to the main task, i.e. popularization of the national cause of drowning rescue among professional rescuers and enthusiasts of the social movement.

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the analysis of archival documents that reveal the life and work of N. M. Yadrintsev, G. N. The work allows you to consider the history of art events at both international and regional levels. The study confirms that the intelligentsia participated in creating favorable conditions for acquaintance of residents with art objects.
The purpose of the work is to show, based on a wide range of historical sources, the process of introducing the townspeople of Baikal Siberia to art in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
The objectives of this work are: to analyze the documents of the State Archives of the Irkutsk region about the life and activities of N. M. Yadrintsev, G. N. Potanin, the work of public organizations; to highlight the difficulties and peculiarities in the process of introducing the townspeople of the region to art.
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, consistency and scientific objectivity. Historical-genetic and problem-chronological methods are used.
Results. In the study, based on the materials of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region, the history of organizing art events in the cities of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries has been restored. It shows how the activities of famous scientists N. M. Yadrintsev, G. N. Potanin influenced the work of public associations, the creation of public exhibition spaces.
Conclusions. As a result of the research, it was proved that the activities of N. M. Yadrintsev, G. N. The article analyzes the content of previously unexplored historical sources, which makes it possible to examine the work of public organizations and the intelligentsia from different angles.

Relevance. The formation of a network of roads is one of the key conditions for the successful development of the country as a whole and individual regions in particular. Historical experience has shown that it is most profitable to move goods and people over long distances by land at the lowest cost by rail. But for the successful formation of transport logistics within the region, it is necessary to focus on the development of road communications. This is especially true for such a relatively small region as the Kursk region, where there are significant problems in the operation and maintenance of the road network. The period of the VIII and IX five-year plans is one of the most important in the history of the formation of the region's road network. At this time, a hard surface is being laid on almost all key highways of the region, and the formation of a modern road network is underway. Understanding the problems faced by road builders during the period under study makes it possible to understand in more detail the problems of the functioning of the modern road network of the Kursk region.
The purpose. Show the main stages of the formation of the road infrastructure of the Kursk region in 1966–1975.
Objectives: based on the study of a complex of historical sources to analyze the problems that the Kursk region faced when creating road infrastructure in 1966-1975, to reveal the found ways to solve these problems.
Methodology. When writing the work, the author relied on the fundamental methods of historical science (the principles of historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical, etc.).
Results. The absence of a regional complex of historiography on this issue indicates an insufficient study of the issue. This work not only introduces into scientific circulation the collected empirical material on the history of the development of road infrastructure, but also shows the main directions of this process.
Conclusion. The creation of a network of roads and the formation of a developed road infrastructure in the Kursk region during the VIII and IX five-year plans served as a serious basis for the further economic development of the region, as well as for increasing the mobility of citizens by, first of all, improving the quality of road transport.

Relevance. This article discusses topical issues regarding the definition of such a concept as "memory studies". This phenomenon is considered in a historical retrospective of modern Russian historiography. The main approaches to the definition of the following terms are analyzed: "memory studies", "place of memory", "historical memory", "social memory", "collective memory" "cultural memory". This paper provides an overview of the main directions of Russian historiography in line with the latest research devoted to the study of such a phenomenon as "memory studies".
The purpose on the basis of the materials studied, to determine the most complete and clearly expressed definition of such a phenomenon and concept as "memory studies".
Objectives to consider the main scientific works devoted to this issue, to analyze the totality of research in the field of studying Russian memory studies. To reveal the essence of the concept: "memory studies" in Russian historiography.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the following research methods were used: comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy.
Results. The development of this problem contributes to a deeper study of such a phenomenon as "memory studies" This work reveals the essence and main directions in the study of memory studies in Russian historiography and gives one of the definitions of this phenomenon in the modern system of humanitarian knowledge.
Conclusin. The construct "memory studies" itself is practically not found in academic works. This concept is closest to the concept: "historical memory" which most accurately reflects the general collective ideas, where the main meaning-forming construct is "memory". The concept of memory plays a key role here.

The relevance of the coronavirus pandemic has shown that the state at the present stage is faced with the same problems that the Soviet government faced during its arrival: a surge in social infectious diseases, high mortality, lack of necessary medicines, vaccines, especially in rural areas. Despite the simultaneous spread of many social infectious diseases, the activities of the Soviet government in the fight against epidemics had a positive experience that will allow us to find a solution to today's problems.
The purpose of the article is to study measures to combat social diseases in the Kursk province in 1917-1922.
The objectives follow from the purpose of the article and consist in the disclosure of historical problems and their solution in the fight against epidemiological diseases in the period 1917 - 1922 in accordance with the normative documents of the Soviet government.
Methodology. The work is based on methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as historical-comparative, historical-legal methods.
Results. In the period 1917-1922 . Kursk province found itself in a hotbed of social infectious diseases. Instructions from the Center for the Organization of Measures to combat epidemics and their prevention were carried out mainly circularly due to the lack of a sanitary and epidemiological legislative framework. Vaccination, to which all categories of citizens were subject, played an important role. Those who refused vaccination were legally responsible. The medical staff kept strict records of the vaccinated. The approval of the "Regulations on Sanitary and epidemiological sub-departments" of 1921, which began to guide all sanitary and epidemiological workers, clarified the activities of medical workers. The Decree of September 15, 1922 "On the sanitary authorities of the Republic" was the main document that determined all the further development of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the country.
Conclusions. The measures of the Soviet government in the fight against epidemics were effective enough to ensure the reduction of cases of social infectious diseases in the Kursk province, and subsequently the elimination of epidemics. Thus, the considered topic is relevant in modern conditions of coronavirus.

Relevance. When writing the article, a vast layer of historical sources was used, from materials from periodicals to primary documents deposited in the central archives of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in the archives of the Central Black Earth Region (Voronezh, Kursk). The author draws on information from other regions of the Russian Empire.
The purpose of the study was to study the social security of soldiers' families in accordance with the law "On the care of lower military ranks and their families", adopted on June 25, 1912.
The objectives to analyze the implementation by state bodies and individuals of issues related to the care of children of the lower ranks of the Russian Imperial.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical methods (systemic and comparative historical method).
Results. The law clearly prescribed the rules for the issuance of the so-called. food ration for one person to be brought in, highlighting children under 5 years of age. They could receive only half of the allowance established for "adults": wives, parents, brothers and sisters of a soldier called up for mobilization, as well as his children over 5 years old. According to the law, soldiers' children could count on the help of the state until the age of working age (17 years), but some regions interpreted this clause of the current legislation in their own way. Also, the law did not provide for assistance to children born out of wedlock. This circumstance put the authorities in a difficult position, especially at the initial stage of the war.
Conclusions. The author believes that initially the state was not ready to support certain categories of needy relatives of lower ranks, first of all, this concerned children born out of wedlock, but with the help of the initiative of local authorities, the help of the church and public organizations, this difficulty was overcome.

Relevance. The development of a scientific base in the field of thermal energy is inextricably linked with centralized heat supply and its progressive direction of heating. Centralized heat production remains the main focus of improving the efficiency of heat supply systems. The scientific base, created in the Soviet period, confirmed the correctness of the scientific and engineering decisions taken during its creation, made it possible to accumulate experience for improving the thermal power industry.
The purpose of the study is to identify the facts of the development and practical activities of the domestic scientific base in the field of thermal energy during the years of Soviet power.
The objective of the study is to analyze the features of the work of scientific institutes in the field of the development of domestic district heating at various stages of formation.
Methodology. In the course of the analysis of various scientific sources, various methods were used: problemchronological, historical, comparative methods. Thus, the choice of the historical method is applied due to the study of the dynamics of the development of the domestic science of thermal energy.
Results. In the course of studying and generalizing various literary and archival sources, the study proved the fact that domestic scientific institutions have developed intensively and over the years have reached significant proportions, which have determined the development of modern thermal energy.
Conclusions: In the process of studying various literary and archival sources, it can be concluded that the domestic scientific base in the Soviet years allowed for the perfect supply of heat energy to industrial and residential buildings of the Soviet state. These facts can contribute to the development of a strategy for improving modern domestic thermal power engineering.