Relevance. Since the beginning in March 2020 of Russia's imposition of restrictions aimed at preventing the spread of infection, many experts have predicted an avalanche of bankruptcies caused by a sharp drop in income and the subsequent inability of subjects to meet monetary obligations. In the spring of 2021, it was a year since Russia is struggling with COVID-19, in connection with which there is an interest in summing up some results that will answer the questions: how did the pandemic affect the institution of bankruptcy in Russia, how the statistics on bankruptcy procedures actually changed, and what influenced her?
The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature and extent of the impact of the pandemic on the institution of bankruptcy of individuals and legal entities in Russia.
Objective: to study statistics on bankruptcy procedures; analyze the novelties of bankruptcy legislation, form legal positions regarding their effectiveness.
Methodology. The methodological basis of this study was made up of a set of general and specific scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, formal-logical method, systemic method, formal-legal method, statistical method, method of legal forecasting.
Results. The study revealed a different impact of the coronavirus crisis on the statistics of bankruptcies of individuals and legal entities.
Conclusion. A clear tendency of an increase in the number of bankruptcies of individuals can be traced from the moment of the legislative registration of the institution of insolvency of citizens. The rise in consumer bankruptcies in 2020 is natural, and the pandemic is not the root cause. The novelty of the institution of insolvency - out-of-court bankruptcy of citizens - had little effect on the statistics, since the number of out-of-court bankruptcy procedures was too small relative to the number of judicial bankruptcies. The procedure for out-of-court bankruptcy, despite its potential, has a number of serious shortcomings, and therefore desperately requires reformation. As for corporate bankruptcies, the moratorium on external bankruptcies in force from April 2020 to January 2021 allowed enterprises of certain industries to adapt to survival in the crisis period, but it cannot be called a panacea. Despite the favorable statistics of the first months after the lifting of the moratorium, the likelihood of a wave of deferred bankruptcies still persists, and there is also a risk of an increase in the number of cases involving the subsidiary liability of controlling debtors.

Relevance. The article deals with topical issues of typical legal misconceptions in determining the modern content of the right to housing, examines its dialectic in the light of the constitutional changes made, guarantees of implementation, both in Russia and in other countries. The problems related to the implementation of the right to housing in Russia are raised.
Purpose. To identify the transformations in the content of the right to housing in Russia that arose after the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020. And based on them, to develop proposals for improving housing relations.
Objectives. To consider the transformation of the content of the right to housing as a result of the constitutional reform of 2020 in Russia; to identify theoretical and practical problems of its implementation and guarantee. Methodology. The present research is based on the following methods of scientific cognition: dialectical development, comparative legal analysis, formal legal, chronological.
Results. The study showed that the constitutional changes did not significantly affect the content of the right to housing, but revealed the theoretical and practical problems of its guarantee and implementation. To solve them, it is proposed to include a section on social guarantees of these rights for certain categories of citizens in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation.
Conclusions. In the Russian Federation, the legal regulation of basic housing relations is carried out by fixing the norms in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. However, the specified act is imperfect, today there is a problem of definition of the right of citizens to housing, first of all it concerns the content of the right and realization of the right to housing of certain categories of citizens. Consequently, all this confirms the need for further development of scientific research on all aspects of the constitutional right of citizens of the Russian Federation to housing.

Relevance. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the recently introduced RF Civil Law chapters covering the conditioned depositing (escrow) agreement, and by the drawbacks of its legal regulation. In science, this type of agreement is poorly understood, in this regard, it becomes necessary to consider the features of an escrow agreement, as well as determine its similarities and differences with the storage agreement. The study of legal regulation allows us to establish possible directions for changing the current legislation for levelling the existing regulatory gaps in the escrow agreement application.
The purpose of the work is to compare the specific features of the escrow agreement and the storage agreement.
Objectives: to analyse the features of the escrow agreement, to identify similarities between the escrow agreement and the storage agreement, to define the criteria for differentiating between the escrow agreement and the storage agreement, to develop proposals for changing the current legislation in the field of legal regulation. Methodology. During the research, the following methods were used: comparative, analytical, formal-legal methods, systematic interpretation of law.
Results. The comparability of the escrow agreement and the storage agreement is conditioned by the signs of their certain similarity. For further development of the escrow agreement legal regulation, with the purpose of a more strict distinguishing of this agreeement structure from the storage agreement, it is necessary to provide for some changes in the Russian civil legislation.
Conclusions. Based on the comparative analysis of the Russian legislation, the article reveals the criteria for differentiating between an agreement of conditioned depositing of a thing (an escrow agreeement) and a storage agreement (purpose, object, number of the parties, the moment of the contractual obligations occurence, the mechanism for executing the agreement, the ability to dispose of the thing during the contracted period, protection from the seizure of the thing), and highlights differences and similarities in the legal regulation of these types of agreements, thus allowing the author to make specific proposals for changing the current civil legislation in this sphere.

Relevance. Human security can be ensured not only by bringing the guilty person to criminal responsibility and imposing punishment, but also in some cases by prescribing compulsory medical measures. For the purpose and execution of which the fundamental categories are important, namely the concept and features that currently remain undeveloped.
The purpose it consists in the development of the concept and signs of compulsory medical measures.
Objectives: to study the Russian criminal law in terms of the regulation of compulsory medical measures; to identify doctrinal approaches to the definition of their concepts and characteristics; to develop and present the author's definition of compulsory medical measures.
Methodology. In the course of the conducted research, the following methods were used: dialectical method of cognition, general scientific (analysis and synthesis, logical methods) and private scientific methods of cognition (formal-legal, statistical analysis).
Results. Various positions of scientists concerning compulsory measures of medical character are designated, their signs are revealed, on the basis of which the author's definition of compulsory measures of medical character is presented.
Conclusion. Despite the fact that compulsory medical measures are actively studied by the scientific community, there is currently no consensus among scientists on the fundamental categories of PMMC, in particular, their concept and characteristics. Based on this, it seems necessary to fix it in the Russian criminal law, namely, in art. 98 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (while designating it «The concept and purpose of the application of compulsory medical measures») the following definition: compulsory measures of a medical nature are other criminallegal measures of state coercion provided for by the criminal law, imposed by the court on the basis of a guilty verdict or a decision to a specific person specified in Part 1 of Article 97 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the Russian state.

Relevance. This article is devoted to the little-studied problem of the legal assessment of the promotion of illegal migration in the aspect of sectoral and intersectoral differentiation. The Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in its Resolution No. 18 of 09.07.2020 "On Judicial Practice in Cases of Illegal Crossing of the State Border of the Russian Federation and Crimes Related to Illegal Migration", which formed signs of organizing illegal migration, laid the foundations for an incorrect assessment of various crimes and torts in the migration sphere. This is the reason for the relevance of this article.
The purpose of the study is to formulate the author's definition of the sign "organization" in Article 322¹ of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a necessary condition for the formation of rules for the qualification of migration rights, which is a criterion for distinguishing these acts.
Objectives: to study doctrinal sources and judicial practice in order to identify shortcomings in its interpretation and application; to determine the content of the objective side of Article 322¹ of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation through the identification of intra-and intersectoral links with other migration violations.
Methodology. In the process of working on the research, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis) and methods of legal science (formal legal, comparative legal) were used.
Results. On the basis of the author's definition of the sign "organization" in Article 322¹ of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the rules for the qualification of migration crimes and torts are developed.
Conclusion. According to the results of the study, a general conclusion is made that the interpretation of the sign "organization" in Article 322¹ of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation through the use for these purposes in the doctrine and judicial practice of formulations such as" any actions "or" various actions " does not solve competition with related migration crimes and acts, the author's interpretation of this sign is proposed.

Relevance. In modern Russian conditions, student crime is a phenomenon, the danger of which lies in a clearly expressed antisocial attitude that forms and promotes a criminal lifestyle among young people. Today, student crime as a powerful determinant of the criminalization of society is becoming one of the problems of national security. In this connection, an objective need arose to study the determinants of crimes committed by students of educational organizations, which will expand the field of criminological knowledge and make a certain contribution to the prevention of crimes of this category of persons.
The purpose of the scientific research is to consider the main determinants that contribute to the commission of crimes in the student environment and put forward proposals on their basis aimed at improving the fundamentals of crime prevention by students of educational institutions of higher education.
Objectives: to analyze the results of an anonymous survey of respondents from among the current employees of the internal affairs bodies; to study the indicators of official statistics, materials of forensic practice and the opinions of leading criminologists; to formulate the main conclusions regarding the declared topic.
Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was formed by general scientific research methods, in particular, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as private scientific research methods, including: sociological, statistical, formal legal.
The results of scientific research are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of crime prevention among students of educational institutions of higher education in modern conditions.
Conclusion. The author's conclusions are formulated that, despite a very large complex of existing determinants of the commission of crimes by students of educational institutions of higher education, it becomes necessary to timely eliminate the listed factors at the expense of all available preventive measures.

Relevance. Procurements for state and municipalities annually increase their participation in the country's economic turnover. Large amounts of financing attract new suppliers, which is involved in the economy of the flawed business sector. State policy prioritizes support for medium and small businesses. The sphere of state and municipal procurement is subject to criminal encroachments. The main volume of crimes in this area is of a corruption nature. Corruption undermines the credibility of the state and state control bodies. The effectiveness of combating crime, as well as reducing corruption risks, depends on the work of officials authorized to exercise control in the field of public procurement. All this is necessary for the correct functioning of the Russian economy.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of officials in controlling the spending of budgetary funds, which is a component of countering criminal encroachments in this area.
Objectives: to study criminal - legal regulation of public procurement; to identify problems of criminal - legal regulation of purchases for state and municipal needs; to analyze of control over the implementation of public procurement; to consider of the control functions of officials; to formulate of proposals for solving the indicated problems.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), methods of legal science (formally - legal, comparative - legal) were used.
The results of the study are distinguished by their applied nature, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of countering criminal encroachments in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs.
Conclusions. The conducted research indicates the presence of unresolved problems in the criminal regulation of public procurement. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of countering violations in the area under consideration if officials increase control over the spending of budget funds.

Relevance. The analysis of judicial and investigative practice and the survey of practical staff showed that the qualification of vandalism committed on the grounds of political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, or hatred or enmity against a certain social group (extremist motives) causes a number of difficulties for the law enforcement officer. The evaluation of concepts and the lack of their interpretation contribute to making incorrect decisions and cause erroneous qualification.
Purpose. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis of the signs of an extremist motive, the study of court decisions and scientific literature, to develop reasonable proposals that contribute to the correct qualification of vandalism committed for the studied motives.
Objectives: to investigate the categorical and conceptual apparatus that makes up the content of extremist motives, in order to interpret concepts and identify definitions that cause difficulties for law enforcement subjects and require clarification at the level of judicial interpretation, or amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. During the study of forensic investigative practice and scientific literature, pay attention to the points that cause difficulties in qualification and formulate proposals for their elimination.
Methodology. The research is based on general scientific methods (dialectical, analysis, synthesis) and private scientific methods (formal legal and sociological).
Results. The study analyzes the signs of vandalism committed for extremist motives, considers the points of view of scientists on qualifications, the motives under consideration, taking into account different criteria and established law enforcement practice. There were also identified gaps in the current legislation that cause difficulties in qualifying vandalism committed from these motives.
Conclusions. On the basis of judicial and investigative practice and scientific literature, the article draws conclusions and makes scientifically based proposals for the qualification of vandalism committed on the grounds of political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, or hatred or enmity against a certain social group.

Relevance. Recently, at the level of international law and the legislation of individual states, there has been an active search for new approaches to ensuring the participation of mentally vulnerable persons in criminal proceedings. However, in the Russian criminal procedural science, the questions of determining the procedural status of a person in relation to whom proceedings on the application of compulsory medical measures are being conducted have not been sufficiently developed. The lack of modern conceptual approaches does not allow a qualitative change of the current legislation and complicates the activities of the law enforcement officer on all stages of the proceedings.
Purpose. Disclosure of the problems of normative consolidation of the procedural status of a person in respect of whom proceedings on the application of compulsory measures of a medical nature are underway, and determination of ways to solve these problems.
Objective: to reveal modern approaches to ensuring the rights of cognitively vulnerable subjects in the criminal process; identify a range of problems related to the normative consolidation of the procedural status of a person in relation to whom proceedings on the application of compulsory measures of a medical nature are being conducted; formulate proposals for changing the current criminal procedure law.
Methodology. In the process of working on the study, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal methods and general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, analogy) were used.
Results. Proposals have been formulated to change the normative and doctrinal approaches to determining the procedural status of a person in relation to whom proceedings on the application of compulsory medical measures are being conducted.
Conclusion. Russian criminal procedural legislation requires significant reform, as a result of which the norms of Section 2 and Chapter 51 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation will be adjusted, which will make it possible to consolidate additional guarantees of the rights of persons with mental disorders. An additional study of the positive foreign experience in ensuring the legal interests of such persons and the development of a new concept of their exercise of their right to a fair trial is required.

Relevance. Representation of the political order in the economic paradigm of the political, dominant in Western political philosophy, necessarily presupposes the construction of the image of the enemy as an "excluded other". The global and universal political order, which becomes valid in the process of globalization, declares fundamentalism and terrorism as the main obstacles to its formation as an enemy – an urgent research task is to analyze the way of representing such an enemy and methods of eliminating / removing it.
The purpose of the article is to study the "paradigmatic case" of the representation of the «enemy» against which a "new", that is, a "hybrid" war is being waged.
Objectives. To interpret the connection between "fundamentalism" and "terrorism", presented as essential, in the economic paradigm of the political. To identify a way of constructing the definitions of "fundamentalism" and "terrorism" in the horizon of the indicated paradigm, to demonstrate that we are talking about constructing aspects of one phenomenon. To prove that knowledge in this case is limited to the construction of intersecting discourses, and cannot be conceptual.
Methodology. Scientific research, the subject of which is a given in the perspective of a paradigm, cannot ask a question about the way of being given (M. Heidegger); thematization of the named issue belongs to the field of philosophical interpretation.
Results. The study establishes that "fundamentalism" is understood as the irreducibility of individual and collective values and "natural communities" that hold the sacred and appeal to the "sanction of the sacred" – to individual interests and their associations: "fundamentalism" is presented as the opposite of «fundamental Western individualism". The article defines that the concept of "new war" is developed in the perspective of the goal: removing obstacles to the global political order. The structure of the concept represents a number of discourses intersecting in the focus of "fundamentalist Islamic terrorism", which is presented as a "paradigmatic case" (M. Hardt, A. Negri) of the enemy of the global political order. It turns out that we are talking about an "internal" and "unrecognized" enemy, which is defined as a criminal; anti-terrorist war is a police operation that does not aim at peace; such a war is declared a just war and is permanent, preventive, total.
Conclusion. The article concludes that the horizon of understanding "fundamentalist Islamic terrorism" as an enemy, revealed by philosophical interpretation and hidden for discourses, is the existential "question of existence" (K. Schmitt).

Relevance. The article reviews topical issues of the significance of the historical memory of the Soviet national heritage for the modern youth of the North Caucasus, its role in harmonizing interethnic relations and strengthening interethnic unity. The authors analyze the ideas of young people about the Soviet nationality policy, its advantages and disadvantages.
The purpose is to determine the nature and direction of the influence of the Soviet nationality policy on the ethnopolitical situation in the perceptions of young people in the North Caucasus.
Objectives are to determine the ideas of young people about the achievements and shortcomings of Soviet nationality policy in the North Caucasus, the nature of the impact of the collapse of the USSR on interethnic relations, the role and significance of the ethnoterritorial and ethnocultural factor in ethnopolitical processes in the region, identifying common and differences in the ideas about the Soviet national policy of Russian youth. and Caucasian peoples.
Methodology. During the research, conceptual and theoretical approaches to the problem of politicizing ethnicity and ethnizing politics, the role of memory of the historical formation of national-state identity in the past were used. The empirical basis is sociological research consisting of ideas and views of young people in the North Caucasus in the field of Soviet historical heritage.
Results. The ideas of young people in the North Caucasus about the Soviet stage of national policy are fragmented and vague. Less than half of the respondents remember the achievements and shortcomings of Soviet ethnic policy, while the majority of the Caucasian peoples retain the memory of deportation. The ethnopolitical situation in the youth environment of the region as a whole is characterized by interethnic harmony and the absence of hostility in interethnic relations, however, a certain potential for conflict remains.
Conclusin. The historical memory of the Soviet national policy is one of the factors in the formation of the identity of modern youth, while the insufficient formation of its cognitive foundations can become a factor in manipulating the consciousness of young people and the basis for distortions and falsifications of the history of the Soviet period. It is necessary to form the ideas of young people about the historical continuity of national policy, an explanation of the foundations of the national state structure, the value-content filling of the ideas of young people about the Soviet historical heritage.

The relevance of the topic of this study is dictated by the ever-increasing role of public institutions, civil society institutions in Russia, in general, in solving the most important problems of the modern Russian state and Russian society, while at the same time there is a lack of understanding of the political and social role of these institutions in political processes taking place in the internal policy of the state. among the scientific political science community. In the past few years, scientific activity in relation to the study of these political processes has decreased, which requires filling this gap. The foregoing determined the purpose of the study and its tasks.
The purpose of the study is to analyze and identify the priorities of state policy through the implementation of the adopted amendments in the field of supporting civil society institutions in modern conditions, which opens up new opportunities for creating strategic communication platforms for public authorities and institutional structures of civil society.
The objectives of the study were: analysis of the role of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation, public organizations and structures in the process of developing and making decisions on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the impact of the adopted amendments on the development of civil society institutions in Russia.
The methodology of scientific research was made up of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of information, the method of political analysis as the main research method. The principles of analysis of primary data were used, which made it possible to draw independent conclusions. Analyzed the modern scientific literature on research issues, mainly published by authors who have experience in developing research works on the political aspects of the formation of civil society in the Russian Federation.
Results. In the course of the research, the following results were obtained. First, the measures taken by the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation in the implementation of the 2020 constitutional amendments are identified and shown. Secondly, the quantitative indicators of the activities of volunteer and volunteer organizations in the specified period are presented.
Conclusion. The study made it possible to draw a conclusion about the growth of public confidence in the activities of state and political structures and organizations in recent years.

Relevance. Information and digital technologies in the 21st century are constantly transforming, improving, offering more and more unique opportunities for the development of the state and society. They have already become part of government (e-government, e-government) and an integral part of modern business. Strategies for the national development of Russia have been launched and are being actively implemented - the National Technology Initiative, the information society, the digital economy. Today, the most important task in the context of the rapid information development of the Russian state and society is the institutionalization of the state policy for the development of artificial intelligence.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the formation of state policy on the formation and development of artificial intelligence.
The objectives of the research are determined: the study of the state of research of issues of digital development; an analysis of the legislative support of relations arising in the formation and development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation; the formulation of conclusions regarding the institutionalization of the state policy of Russia in relation to the development of artificial intelligence. In the process of research, it is also possible to solve indirect problems.
The methodology of scientific research is a combination of general scientific research methods and methods inherent in modern political science. We are talking about the use of methods of analysis and synthesis of information, data interpretation. The method of legal analysis was also used as an additional method for analyzing the current legislation in the field of artificial intelligence.
Results. The level of elaboration of issues of information and digital development of the Russian state and Russian society in modern political science has been determined. An assessment of the level of elaboration of the legislative support of the state policy for the development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation is given, of the level of institutionalization of the state policy for the development of artificial intelligence in Russia is given.
Conclusion. The conducted research provides a basis for an unambiguous conclusion about the initial stage of institutionalization of the state policy for the development of artificial intelligence in Russia.

Relevance. The countries of Southeast Asia in the modern world arena are not only a source of a developing economy, but also a source of conflict in Asia due to the transformation and politicization of the Islamic movement and the penetration of the ideas of the "Islamic State" into socially unprotected segments of the population, which is actively used by politicians to achieve their goals, including those of a foreign policy nature.
Purpose. is to consider the dynamics of international cooperation between the countries of Southeast Asia, taking into account the religious factor and determine the strategic directions of this interaction.
Objectives: to characterize the traditional directions of international relations of the countries of Southeast Asia; to analyze the manifestations of the politicization of Islam in the foreign policy of the countries of Southeast Asia; to consider the dynamics of ethnopolitical conflicts in Southeast Asia and to show their connection with the Islamic State group.
Methodology. The comparative analysis method was used to compare the foreign policy of the Southeast Asian countries; the method of systems analysis made it possible to investigate the relationship of individual sociospiritual and political factors with the general tendency of an increase in the influence of the Muslim factor on the foreign policy of the Southeast Asian countries.
Results. As a result of the analysis of the foreign policy strategies of the Southeast Asian countries, it was proved that Indonesia and Malaysia are experiencing the strongest influence of the Muslim factor not only in domestic but also foreign policy, which entails the spread of radical Islamism and terrorism, which threatens the economic growth of the region and thus causes concern for such major players like the USA, China and Russia.
Conclusions. The Muslim factor has recently become a determining factor in the policy of the Southeast Asian countries, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia, which have made their choice between the United States and Western countries and consistent criticism of the policies of Western countries that is obligatory for the potential "leader of Muslims of the whole world". But the struggle for leadership in the Islamic world is only unfolding with renewed vigor, and Pakistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia have entered this struggle.

The relevance of crimes in the alcohol sphere causes significant damage to both the state budget and national morality. In this regard, the subject study of penalties for violation of regulations on the drinking collection during the period of the excise system, similar to the current system of collecting alcohol tax, is updated.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of crimes and punishments for violation of excise legislation in post-reform Russia.
The objectives are to define the crime in relation to the manufacture of drinks; to determine the most common types of crimes and the penalties that follow them; to establish the features of "drinking" penalties that were in effect during the excise period.
The methodology of the article includes the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. In addition, the theoretical tools included historical-genetic, historical-typological and historical-legal methods.
Results. Distillery production during the period of the excise system was the main supplier of taxes to the state budget. In this regard, the legislator carefully prescribed the possible types of crimes and the penalties that follow them. Any illegal act committed during the production of alcohol, regardless of whether it was committed intentionally or through negligence, was recognized as a crime for the manufacture of drinks. The types of drinking crimes were diverse: the establishment of factories by a person who did not have the rights to do so, the preparation of drinks in unidentified places or in a larger (smaller) quantity than defined in the permits, illegal actions against distillery equipment or materials. Cases of violation of the regulations on the drinking collection, depending on the severity of the act, were subject to administrative, judicial-police or judicial procedures. As punishments, monetary penalties were applied, arrest, imprisonment, deprivation of the rights to prepare drinks, taking away all special rights both personally and according to the state of the assigned rights, exile to remote provinces for a certain period.
Conclusion. The penalties stipulated in the "Regulations on the Drinking Fee" and improved in subsequent legislative acts were aimed at preventing attempts to encroach on the drinking fee, which was of exceptional importance in the system of Russian finance.

Relevance. At present, the attention of researchers of the social policy of the Russian Empire is mainly attracted by cash payments to soldiers during the First World War. This article is intended to study and summarize the accumulated experience of charity for the families of the lower ranks of the reserve and warriors of the state militia, called up for mobilization during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
Purpose. Is an examination of the activities of local authorities and societies to which the mobilized were assigned.
Objective. Study of the implementation of the "Provisional rules on the care of families of reserve ranks and warriors of the state militia, called up in wartime to serve" dated June 25, 1877: the procedure for appointment, the amount of the allowance, the specifics of regional application.
Metodology. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical methods (systemic and comparative historical method).
Results. For the first time, the provision on the charity of soldiers' families was spelled out in the military charter approved on January 1, 1874. However, the size, forms and methods of charity were legislatively enshrined only in the "Provisional Regulations ..." of June 25, 1877. Their implementation was already during the Russian-Turkish wars of 1877-1878 provoked criticism from the zemstvo and city authorities. However, there was no radical change in the current law, since the government considered the accumulated experience in implementing the law insufficient, due to the small number of mobilized people. However, the charity of soldiers' families on the basis of the "Provisional Rules ..." during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. led to a mass of complaints from soldiers, lower ranks and local authorities.
Conclusion. The approval of the families of the lower ranks of the reserve and the warriors of the state militia on the basis of the "Provisional Rules ..." of June 25, 1877 proved their failure even in conditions of partial mobilizations, which led to the subsequent development of a new law on the care of soldiers' families.

The relevance of our scientific research is due to the continued popularity of cycling not only in Russia, but also in the world as a whole. This is evidenced by the annual World Championships held under the leadership of the International Cycling Union (UCI), as well as the Olympic Games, where cycling has attracted a large number of fans and admirers of this sport for more than a hundred years. The history of the origin of this sport is interesting not only in the capital cities, but also in the provinces, as many famous athletes come from small towns in Russia.
The purpose of the scientific search is to study historical facts related to the formation and development of cycling in the Kursk province of the late nineteenth century – early twentieth century.
The objectives of the research is to study and analyze archival historical and other materials devoted to the organization of the first sports societies of cycling enthusiasts, which laid the foundations for its formation and development in the Kursk province in the late XIX – early XX century.
Methodology. The methodological basis of scientific research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The article uses historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods.
Results. The formation and development of cycling in the Kursk province of the late nineteenth century-early twentieth century was not easy. The first organizer of the cyclodrome (velodrome), where people were taught to ride a two-wheeled bicycle for a fee, was a private person. Despite the efforts made to instill public interest in cycling, this initiative failed. The next attempt to promote and develop cycling is connected with the "Kursk Society of Amateur Cyclists", which had an official status, received full support from the city authorities and merchants, and held competitions at local and intercity levels. However, the conflict with the city duma led to the failure of this enterprise.
Conclusions. The birth of cycling in the city of Kursk province of the late nineteenth century-early twentieth century was not an easy path of ups and downs. However, the fact that the first champions of the city came out of the competitions held by amateur cyclists was already the victory of cycling in the Kursk Region. These small victories made it possible to further educate cyclists, future world and Olympic champions, on the Kursk land.

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the analysis of archival documents that reveal the exhibition activities of the East Siberian Imperial Russian Geographical Society in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. These materials have not been previously published or analyzed in domestic studies. The work confirms that the scientific organization created favorable conditions for acquaintance of the townspeople with the objects of art. The study allows to reveal the meaningful side of artistic events in the cities of Baikal Siberia.
The purpose of the work is to consider the history of organizing art events of the VSOIRGO in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
The objectives of this work are: on the basis of documents from the State Archives of the Irkutsk region to analyze articles and notes in city newspapers, posters, announcements about the activities of VSOIRGO; highlight the difficulties and features in the process of organizing art events.
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, consistency and scientific objectivity. Historical-genetic and problem-chronological methods are used.
Results. The study based on the materials of the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region presents the history of organizing art events of the VSOIRGO in the cities of Baikal Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. It was noted that the scientific organization held art exhibitions that introduced residents to the works of Siberian and foreign masters.
Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was proved that the activities of VSOIRGO influenced the development of the artistic space of Baikal Siberia, the process of familiarizing residents with art objects in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Analysis of historical sources showed the peculiarities and difficulties in organizing events, presented the life and work of Siberian and foreign artists, artistic trends. The article analyzes the content of previously unexplored historical sources, which makes it possible to consider the exhibition activities of a scientific organization from different angles.

Relevance. In modern historical science, the experience of organizing Soviet trade, which was an important indicator of the level of socio-economic development of the state, remains an insufficiently studied aspect. Of particular interest in this regard is the regional specificity of the sale of food products, which ensured the satisfaction of the primary needs of the population for food. In 1965-1985. In the USSR, various branches of the food industry were actively developed, which indicated a growing demand among the population for food. An analysis of the positive results and shortcomings in the work of trade enterprises of the period under review can be of help for a better development of trade in modern Russia. In turn, the problem of selling such a valuable type of goods as meat will be a vivid example in this matter.
The purpose the work consists in generalizing the historical experience of selling meat in commercial enterprises of the Kursk region.
The objective research – analyze the activities of government agencies aimed at solving the problem of selling meat to the population of the Kursk region.
Methodology. The article is based on the principles of historicism, consistency, scientific objectivity. Also used methods such as: logical and historical retrospective. All this presupposes an objective analysis of the studied archival documents and published sources using the problem-chronological method.
Results. The development of this problem contributes to the systematic study of the development of trade services for the population in 1965-1985. in the Russian province. The analysis of the problem makes it possible to expand the understanding of the meat trade as one of the goods in high demand. As a result of the study, it becomes possible to use the historical experience in the future and avoid the mistakes already studied for the most qualitative reform of trade in modern Russia.
Conclusions. The studied experience of organizing the sale of meat in the region under consideration indicates many shortcomings in the functioning of the food trade. With new large-scale ideas for reforming the economy in 1965-1985. failed to provide the population with high-quality goods in demand.

Relevance. Improving the system of urban passenger transport is one of the most important directions in the development of modern urban agglomerations. The level of mobility of their residents, and, consequently, the level of business and economic activity, depends on the quality of internal urban transport arteries. At the same time, at the present stage, not only mobility and speed are important, but also environmental friendliness. In this respect, the trolleybus is the transport of the future. However, this statement requires clarification. So, in Kursk, the foundations of the trolleybus network were developed and laid back in the late 1960s. For more than half a century, the city has seriously changed, and trolleybuses continue to function actively. Therefore, in order to solve the current problems in the development of this type of urban passenger transport, it is necessary to take into account the conditions in which it was created, which determines the relevance of this work.
The purpose. To reveal the history of creation and the main stages of development of the trolleybus service in the city of Kursk in the late 1960s – early 1980s.
Objectives: based on the study of a complex of historical sources, show the problems faced by the city authorities during the construction of the first trolleybus line, as well as show the main stages in the development of this type of passenger transport in the city of Kursk in the 1970s – the first half of the 1980s.
Methodology. When writing the work, the author relied on the fundamental methods of historical science (the principles of historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical, etc.).
Results. Currently, local historiography lacks any generalizing scientific works on the history of the Kursk trolleybus. This work reveals the main stages of the formation and the first years of operation of this type of urban transport.
Conclusion. The creation of the Kursk trolleybus took place in the absence of proper coordination between the various organizations and offices that were preparing for its launch. This largely determined the future problems of this type of public transport in the city, as well as the slow pace of its further development, including at the present time.

The relevance. The sober movement is a unique form of protest of the masses against the arbitrariness of the ransom. Its research has a long tradition. However, a number of aspects are insufficiently studied. Unconditional topicality and significance for understanding the essence of the process of Russia's renewal during the reign of Alexander II. has a scientific analysis of national unity and resilience in countering the arbitrariness of the ransom.
The purpose the article is to reveal the true reasons for the national unity and staunchness in the refusal to drink ransom wine in 1858-1859.
The objectives. The formulated goal was concretized in the following tasks: to reveal the reasons for the emergence of a sober movement in Russia; demonstrate the scope of the popular protest; explain the government's reaction to the refusal to buy the buy-out wine; explain the essence of popular protest.
Methodology. The article was written using the contextual-historical method, which provided an opportunity to fit a sober movement into the context of social processes of the mid-19th century, the historical-genetic method, revealing the essence of folk vows, the historical-comparative method aimed at finding identical social conflicts.
Results. The authors point out that the abolition of the wine lease, which was expected for many years, did not take place in 1858, and the next lease sale was announced. The tax-farmers used the last four-year ransom to increase their own income, the price of alcohol rose. The rise in the price of alcohol was perceived by the people as a personal insult. The European part of the country was swept by a sober movement, expressed in passive and open opposition to the tax farmers. Protest activity threatened the treasury with shortfalls. The government took measures to curb the popular protest, right up to the introduction of military commands into the provinces engulfed in drinking riots.
Conclusions. The sober movement was a visible confirmation of the conflict between the tax farmers and the people. The people showed unity and steadfastness in opposing the tax farmers, taking the rise in the price of alcohol as a personal insult. Wanting to remove the social conflict, the supreme power replaced the buyout with excise tax.