Relevance. Methods of scientific cognition of legal reality are a reliable condition, a means of theoretical research of legal norms, legal relations, methods, techniques and means of legal regulation, measures of legal responsibility and other legal phenomena. There is no unity of opinion in Russian legal science about the legal nature, content and components of the method of scientific thinking and cognition. Legal publications and their own professional experience show that, unfortunately, law students and even teachers are not fully aware of the existence, specifics and operation of cognitive methods, means and techniques. The organizers of legal education and representatives of legal science have an urgent task to initiate the interest of lawyers in this extremely important issue and help them master the necessary methodological knowledge of the legal world.

Purpose: to find out the features, purpose and content of the systematic method of legal cognition.

Objectives: to investigate and clarify the concept of the method and methodology of legal scientific cognition, the features of the systemic epistemological method in jurisprudence.

Methodology. In the course of the study of the designated topic, such general scientific and private scientific research methods as historical, logical, formal legal, systemic and comparative legal methods were used.

Results. As a result of the conducted research, it turned out that if the methods of scientific cognition are methods, techniques, means and principles of theoretical cognition, then epistemological methodology is a universal teaching about the techniques (methods and means) of scientific cognition applied on the basis of achievements in the field of philosophy, political science, sociology, economic theory, psychology and jurisprudence.

Conclusions. Systematic approach to the studied object (subject, phenomenon), the identification of systemic connections between its individual components (elements), the establishment of patterns and features of their connections with the external environment, other systems in nature, society and legal reality.

Relevance. In 2018, the Institute of the Commissioner for Consumer Rights of Financial Services was established in the Russian Federation. The number of financial services provided to consumers is undoubtedly growing, and the number of cases of violation of citizens' rights by financial market organizations is also increasing. The Financial Commissioner is established to protect the rights of consumers, he considers disputes between consumers of financial services and financial organizations. The importance of the institution of the Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial services is increasing, which can be seen in the increase in the number of incoming appeals. However, studies of the legal nature of the institute have not been adequately reflected in legal science, which determines the relevance of this research topic.

The purpose is to determine the legal nature of the institution of the Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services in the Russian Federation.

Objectives: based on the analysis of the regulatory legal framework and scientific literature to determine the main activities of the Institute of financial Ombudsman to establish the essence of its legal nature.

Methodology. In the course of the work, the methods of theoretical research (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, mental modeling), as well as the statistical method were used.

Results. In the course of the study, the author proposed an understanding of the legal nature of the institution of the financial commissioner as a complex legal phenomenon, including human rights and quasi-judicial legal components.

Conclusions. According to the results of the study, conclusions are drawn that the key areas of activity of the Institute of Financial Commissioner are the protection of the rights of consumers of financial services and dispute resolution. The Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services is a human rights body that embodies the guarantee of the state for the protection and observance of the rights and interests of consumers by financial organizations. The Financial Commissioner acts as a judge in the dispute, upon the outcome of the consideration of the case, makes a binding decision aimed at resolving the dispute, restoring justice and based on regulatory legal acts.

Relevance. The effectiveness of administration in any of the spheres of legal regulation is determined by the ability of the relevant sphere to adapt to the changing conditions of public relations, allowing it to develop and improve in proportion to the demands formed by the existing living conditions. The permanent development of digital technologies is one of the distinctive features of modernity, which, in turn, requires their timely and effective use in the process of legal regulation. The sphere of administration of public non-tax payments is no exception. The use of various IT technologies in the field of administration of taxes and fees, which has recently become habitual, remains uncharacteristic for the administration of a «parallel tax system», which significantly hinders the systemic development of the relevant sphere of legal regulation.

The purpose is a theoretical and legal study of the state of digitalization of the administration of public non-tax payments, the impact of the use of IT technologies on the efficiency of administration.

The objectives of this research are a comparative analysis of the use of IT technologies in the administration of public tax and non-tax payments, as well as the development of specific practice-oriented proposals for the introduction of digital government information services in the regulation of the payment of the latter.

The methodology of this scientific research is based on the dialectical universal method, and also includes methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, logical, comparative legal and legal modeling.

Results. In the course of this scientific research, a comparative legal analysis of the use of IT technologies in the administration of public tax and non-tax payments was carried out, specific practice-oriented conclusions were formulated to increase the level of digitalization of the administration of public non-tax payments.

Conclusion. The level of digitalization of the process of administration of public non-tax payments is significantly lower than the level of digitalization of the process of administration of tax payments, and therefore there is a need to borrow IT technologies used by tax control authorities in the process of administration of payments not included in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Relevance. The article analyzes contractual and other legal grounds, using which collective management organizations and other non-profit organizations can perform the functions of intermediaries and representatives of authors and other right holders in order to ensure the lawful use of copyright and related rights objects in modern conditions.

The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions necessary for the development of legal regulation of the activities of non-profit organizations related to the implementation of copyright and related rights.

Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of legal regulation of mediation and representation relations arising from the participation of non-profit organizations in the implementation of copyright and related rights; to identify the problems associated with such legal regulation, to develop proposals aimed at their elimination.

Methodology. The author used dialectical-materialistic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formallegal method.

The results of the research are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.

Conclusions. The conclusions made in the article are of a discussion nature, aimed at continuing research on the development of legal regulation of the activities of non-profit organizations related to the implementation and protection of copyright and related rights, including the expansion of the range of non-profit organizations able to participate in the implementation and protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity, as well as to simplify their obtaining the powers necessary for the implementation of such activities.

Relevance. Currently, there is no common understanding and approach to the definition of startup activity, startup, startup project, as well as to the range of their subjects. Many by-laws are adopted in which the concept of a startup and its subject composition contradicts previously adopted similar documents: for each state support program, its requirements for recipients are defined, which prevents equal access of entrepreneurs to economic benefits.

The purpose of the article is to determine the range of subjects and distinctive features of startup activity.

Objectives. Defining the circle of participants in startup activities; forming the concepts of «startup» and «startup project»; highlighting the main features of startup activities.

Methodology. To achieve reliable results, general scientific methods of analysis, induction and deduction, interpretation and systematization of legal norms were used, the formal legal method and methods of generalization of legal norms were also used.

Results. In the course of the study, a circle of subjects of startup activity was established, which includes both legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, as well as individuals.

Conclusion. Startup activity combines startups and startup projects. If we are talking about startup entities, then we can include legal entities and individual entrepreneurs registered in accordance with the legislation. If we talk about the subjects of a startup project, then the circle of subjects includes mainly individuals who can only plan the launch of their innovative business. The idea may not necessarily develop into a real entrepreneurial activity, since various obstacles may arise on the way to a successful project, such as economic, technological, legal and social factors.

Relevance. The issues related to the phenomenon of criminal record as special personal data of a citizen, the availability of information about the conviction of a person and ensuring their safety are considered. The article analyzes the positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, courts of general jurisdiction regarding the reflection of a criminal record in certificates of absence of a criminal record and (or) the fact of criminal prosecution or on the termination of criminal prosecution by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation upon its repayment or withdrawal.

The purpose of the study is to supplement theoretical provisions aimed at deepening scientific knowledge about criminal record as a negative consequence, expressed in the creation of general legal restrictions not based on law for a convicted person by the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation on the provision of public services for the issuance of criminal record certificates dated 09/27/2019 № 660.

Objectives: to analyze the decisions of the Constitutional and Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, reviews of judicial practice, court decisions on cases challenging the provisions of the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, to identify and comprehend the restrictions created by it for persons whose criminal record has been removed or extinguished.

Methodology. The article actively uses the methods of theoretical research (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), as well as formal legal, system-analytical methods, documentary, as well as the method of generalization of judicial practice.

The results of the study are theoretical and applied in nature and contain proposals for solving problems related to a citizen's criminal record, when it is repaid or withdrawn, when general legal restrictions, among other things, are the result of gaps in the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The necessity of changing its wording is argued.

Conclusion. The state and the law enforcement officer have not comprehended the socially dangerous consequences of decisions on the compliance of departmental acts that create artificial obstacles to the exercise of labor, electoral, social and other rights by ex-convicts to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation.

Relevance. The article examines the issues of participation of a lawyer, prosecutor and court in proving in modern conditions of adversarial proceedings, within the framework of ongoing legal reform. The author comes to the conclusion that the subjects of proof in modern Russian criminal proceedings are only the investigator and the investigator, since they bear the burden of proof. At the same time, the lawyer, the prosecutor and the court are participants in the evidence, whose main task is to examine the evidence collected by the parties. At the same time, the court, being an impartial participant in criminal proceedings, should not take the initiative in collecting evidence and substantiating the accusatory thesis put forward and formulated by the prosecution at the pre-trial stage.

Objectives: to continue the consideration of issues arising at the present stage in the theory of evidence in criminal proceedings, and to propose a new gradation of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence, in continuation of the ongoing scientific discussion on the modern development of the theory of evidence in criminal proceedings.

The purpose of the study is to identify and discuss problematic issues of the implementation of the mechanism of criminal evidence and propose a new list of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence in criminal proceedings.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was the universal dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal phenomena, general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, system-structural and others). In addition, private scientific methods of cognition were used - logical–formal and system analysis.

The results of the study are distinguished by both theoretical and applied nature with elements of scientific novelty. The author considers the emerging difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the provisions of the issues of evidence in criminal proceedings, proposes a new list of subjects of evidence and participants in evidence, as well as a possible change in the established traditional scientific theory of evidence.

Conclusions. The discussion of the identified problems will allow drawing the attention of the scientific community and the legislator to the development of solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in criminal procedural evidence, a more detailed definition of the role of the court, prosecutor and lawyer in criminal proceedings. At the same time, it is suggested that the use of the approach proposed by the author, including the introduction of relevant provisions in criminal procedure legislation, will correct the imbalance in the theory of evidence that exists at the present stage.

Relevance. The relevance of the study is dictated by the existing contradictions between the need for direct criminal protection of personal data and the problems of criminalization of relevant acts, which is reflected in the light of Draft law No. 502113-8 «On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation» submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation on 04.12.2023.

The purpose. Resolution of these contradictions through a critical assessment of design structures for their compliance with social and legal needs in criminalizing illegal actions with personal data.

The objectives. The study of this draft law, the determination of the quality of draft criminal law prohibitions (their constructive and differentiating features), the resolution of the identified problems of criminalization of acts.

Methodology. When writing the work, the author relied on the universal dialectical method of cognition, logical methods (analysis, synthesis) were also used, in addition, documentary, formal-legal, dogmatic, systematic methods.

Results. Draft law No. 502113-8, which proposes criminalization of illegal actions with personal data within the framework of Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Crimes in the field of computer information», has been subjected to critical reflection. The absence of grounds for defining the relevant acts as computer crimes has been proved. Other contradictions and shortcomings of the design structures have been identified.

Conclusions. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the specified draft law does not meet modern needs in the criminal law protection of personal data, contradicts the principle of formal certainty and doctrinal ideas about criminalization of acts, differentiation of responsibility, as well as technical and legal rules for the construction of criminal law norms. The author shares the conviction that it is necessary to establish criminal liability for illegal actions with respect to personal data in an independent norm, but believes that it should be placed in Chapter 19 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author's concept of the criminal law prohibition of illegal actions with personal data is proposed.

Relevance. Professional crime is one of the most dangerous, relatively independent types of crime, which poses a serious threat to modern society and the state. Currently, there is no unified approach to assessing the state, dynamics and trends of this dangerous criminal phenomenon. Mechanisms to combat this type of criminal activity that are adequate to the level of danger have not been identified. In this regard, special studies of professional crime in all its complexity and ambiguity are becoming particularly relevant, including those affecting certain issues of the evolution of this dangerous criminal phenomenon in time and space.

The purpose. He purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis and definition of the socio-legal essence of professional crime in pre-revolutionary Russia (using the example of the analysis of socially dangerous activities of robber gangs).

Objectives: to analyze the domestic legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, providing for accountability for repeated robbery; to determine the specifics of committing crimes on a professional basis by robber gangs in prerevolutionary Russia; to identify elements of the criminal subculture supported by the community of professional robbers in the period under study in Russia.

Methodology. To achieve this goal, such general scientific and private scientific research methods as the method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparative legal and chronological methods were used.

Results. It was determined that many robbers who traded on the «high roads» during the studied period possessed all the signs of criminal professionalism: the presence of criminal specialization, qualifications, perception of criminal activity as a source of income, connections with the criminal world, including those expressed in the perception and multiplication of values and norms of the emerging criminal subculture.

Conclusion. By the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a monolithic, well–structured consolidated and criminal world had formed in Russia, in which the professional criminal «core» played a special role. Professional robbers occupied not the least place in the criminal hierarchy, causing significant harm to economic relations in society and the national security of the country.

Relevance. Having developed one of the most complex and advanced human rights protection practices in the world, the European Court of Human Rights has complicated its decision-making mechanism by introducing several doctrines, including the doctrine of the living instrument. The development of the doctrine of a living instrument and an evolutionary method of interpretation in the practice of the Court can be traced to some important cases and problems that have become key and determined the development of the future of the Court itself.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the doctrine of the living instrument, the specifics of its application in the practice of the ECHR.

Objectives: to analyze various approaches to the study of the nature of the doctrine of the living instrument, to identify trends in the development of evolutionary interpretation, as well as the opinions of various scientists on this issue.

Methodology. In the process of working on the study, systematic, comparative legal, historical and legal methods, as well as methods of interpretation, logical and structural analysis were used.

Results. It is noted that the concepts of «dynamic interpretation» and «evolutionary interpretation», «the doctrine of intertemporality» and the doctrine of a living instrument should be distinguished. At the same time, there is a risk that the doctrine of the living instrument may violate the sovereignty of Member States if it is used improperly. As a disadvantage, it is also highlighted that this doctrine may damage the legal certainty of the ECHR practice and create a situation where member States do not understand the scope of obligations to which they agree upon accession to the Convention. Based on the nature, it is proposed to divide the evolutionary rulings of the ECHR into 2 categories: rulings of an evolutionary nature and evolutionary rulings.

Conclusion. The author concludes that in performing its functions, the Court cannot but apply an evolutionary interpretation, but it must do so reasonably and consistently. The doctrine of the living instrument and the evolutionary interpretation as an instrument of its implementation are a reflection of the generation and those moral values that prevail in society at one time or another.

Relevance. Despite the wide coverage in the press of the process of economic evolution of distillery in excise Russia, the grounds for dividing factories into agricultural and industrial, the reasons for state guardianship of distilleries in rural areas have not received systematic scientific analysis. However, this topic is very important for understanding the essence of the excise tax. In this regard, the presented article has absolute relevance and significance.

The purpose is to assess the state of agricultural distillery during the period of the excise tax system on alcohol in Russia.

The objectives of the article follow from the set goal and are to: identify trends in the development of distillery production under excise duty; justify the division of factories into agricultural and industrial; explain government steps to support agricultural distilleries.

Methodology. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used as methodological tools, supplemented by historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive research methods.

Results. The wine reform of 1863 established excise rules for distilling. They were getting tougher every year. Distilleries located in landlords' estates, which smoked wine from the products of their farms, used production waste for livestock feed and for fertilizing fields, could not cope with the norms and were closed. Factories that produced alcohol for commercial purposes intensified the production process and grew quantitatively. The Ministry of Finance received requests to support agricultural-type plants. Act of June 4, 1890 He determined the legal status of agricultural distilleries and provided them with preferential taxation.

Conclusion. Distillery production was improved under the influence of strict excise regulations. Distilleries of rural owners could not withstand the competition of industrial enterprises. The government showed paternalistic concern for agricultural distillery, which went against the financial interests of the state.

Relevance. The readers are offered a plot dedicated to various aspects and directions of the socialization of orphanages in the 1930s. Socialization meant instilling work skills in pupils, training in the scope of secondary school, as well as their upbringing within the framework of the communist ideology that prevailed in the country at that time. Such a plot has not previously been in the field of view of historians, which is why it requires study and comprehensive analysis. The numerous archival materials used in the article is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Purpose – to study the experience of the joint work of the state and children's institutions for the subsequent integration of orphanages into Soviet society.

Objectives. To identify and analyze the main directions of socialization of children in orphanages.

Methodology. The research was based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and consistency, as well as general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis.

Results. In the course of the conducted research, it was found out that it was possible to come to grips with the upbringing of state children only by the beginning of the 1930s. The chosen directions of socialization fit well into the historical context of the era. Instilling labor skills during vocational training was supposed to contribute to the demand for former orphanages at enterprises erected during industrialization, collective farms and state farms created during collectivization. Educational, extracurricular and cultural activities met the objectives of the cultural revolution and genuine communist education. Moreover, socialization was supposed to act as a subsequent social and professional elevator of the former orphanage resident.

Conclusion. The efforts made by the state allowed some of the children deprived of parental care to get a start in life and take a worthy place in Soviet society.

Relevance lies in the need to preserve the historical truth about the events of the Great Patriotic War and one of its most important battles – the Battle of Kursk. Despite the significant historiographical groundwork, the generalization of the experience of fighting in the defense zone of the Central Front troops continues to be actively developed. The retrospective factography of participation in the battles of individual units and formations requires further clarification, researchers should pay attention to the restoration of the destinies and names of the heroes of the summer battles of 1943. Whose example continues to inspire the exploits of modern defenders of the Fatherland.

Purpose. On the basis of documentary sources from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, to reveal the specifics of the organization of defensive battles at Teplov heights by the forces of the gunners of the 3rd fighter brigade.

Objectives: to identify and study archival materials about the defensive battles of the 3rd Fighter Brigade on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge; to note the role of gunners in deterring the offensive of German troops on July 5-12, 1943; to determine the behavior of individual servicemen who distinguished themselves during the summer battles, to characterize the problems of establishing their destinies.

Methodology. During the research, the author adhered to the principles of objectivity and historicism. The information revealed in the sources was systematized and analyzed, allowing to reveal the problems of using artillery in defensive battles during the Battle of Kursk.

Results. The generalization of the experience of combat operations of the 3rd Fighter Brigade during defensive battles on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge indicates a well-thought-out and successfully implemented tactics of using individual artillery units in the organization of anti-tank defense.

Conclusion. An example of the courage and bravery of the soldiers of the 3rd fighter Brigade during the battles at Teplovsky Heights testifies to their high moral and volitional qualities, as well as the rational alignment of forces and means at the occupied defense lines, which ensured the successful fulfillment of the combat tasks assigned to the gunners.

The relevance of studying the problem of military education and military physical training of schoolchildren of the Chkalovsky (Orenburg) region during the Great Patriotic War has scientific, practical and cognitive significance, since the study of this topic reveals the regional aspect of the problem.

The purpose of the study is to study military education and military physical training of school students of the Chkalov (Orenburg) region during the war as a scientific problem.

The objectives are a systematic analysis of military training and military-physical training of schoolchildren in the region during the war period, revealing the difficulties and complexities of solving this problem.

The methodology of the work is based on following the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. Both general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis) and special historical methods were used: problemchronological, comparative historical.

Results. During the Great Patriotic War, the issue of organizing military-physical training of high school students on a large state scale became particularly acute. It was thanks to the purposeful and coordinated work of all authorities to solve this problem in the schools of the country, including the Chkalov region, that relatively prepared reinforcements arrived in the troops.

Conclusion. With the outbreak of the war, there was a practical need for students to undergo military training while still at school, since many after graduation entered the active army. Although this work was launched in the prewar years, but in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War it took on a full-scale character. The country's leadership was able to build in extreme conditions a fairly effective system of training young people for military trials, as close as possible to combat. However, the solution to this problem has caused a number of difficulties in the Chkalov region: incomplete staffing of schools with military instructors and teachers of military affairs; low general education and pedagogical training of some of them; staff turnover; insufficient material provision of schools with sports, gymnastics and military equipment. However, these problems were gradually resolved over the course of the war.

Relevance. This article is an attempt at a comparative analysis of the changes in the central part of Kursk that occurred during the implementation of the master plan for the construction of the city. This topic is poorly represented in the scientific literature, and therefore is relevant and in demand.

The purpose of the article: on the basis of available materials (plans, drawings, photographs) to determine the boundaries of the medieval defensive ditch of the city of Kursk and its influence on the city plan.

The objectives arise from the set goal: to find the boundaries of the Kursk medieval fortress; find out how the ditch was «fitted» into the new plan of Kursk; establish the location of the defensive ditch.

Methodology. The article is based on the general principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In addition to the above principles, the reconstruction method and the comparative historical method were used.

Results. Thanks to the method of superimposing city plans and satellite images of the city, the location of the defensive ditch of Kursk as it was at the end of the 18th century was established. The possible boundaries of the medieval fortress and the location relative to existing buildings have been established, taking into account the repeated changes in the relief of the central part of the city. The boundaries of the moat were established on the northern and western sides of the fortress.

Conclusion. In the work done, the probable boundaries of the medieval city and the location of the defensive moat on the north and west sides were established. The width and depth of the moat in the Pervomaisky Park area were also determined. A time frame has been set for filling in the defensive structure in connection with the implementation of the urban development plan of 1782.

Relevance. Currently, electric transport is undergoing great development in the Russian Federation. A whole range of investment programs from the state is aimed at both updating and reconstructing tram traffic, the material base of which has no longer met the requirements in the field of transport services for the population, and at restoring communication systems damaged as a result of the hostilities that unfolded in the Donbass. In this regard, the experience achieved by the Soviet country in the post-war recovery period is of exceptional importance. At that time, tram enterprises were not only restored, but also emerged in large industrial centers to provide stable transportation.

Purpose: to characterize the process of establishing tram traffic in Lipetsk, the last of the cities in the Central Black Earth Region to receive this type of electric transport.

Objectives: based on the study of archival sources, analyze projects for organizing tram traffic in the city of Lipetsk, find out the role of government agencies in the formation and development of tram infrastructure.

Methodology. When writing the work, the author relied on the fundamental principles of historical science (historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical).

Results. Based on a multidimensional analysis of archival sources, it was possible to trace the main stages and trends in the formation of the Lipetsk tram in 1945–1950 in the initial period of its development, when the tram was the main type of urban transport.

Conclusion. As a result of the study, we can conclude that during the post-war restoration of the national economy of the RSFSR, the tram as a type of public transport achieved not only the restoration of the indicators of the pre-war period, but also appeared in new cities that needed stable transport services.

Relevance. Addressing the repertoire policy of theaters is relevant due to the fact that the study of the repertoire allows us to trace not only the main directions of artistic processes, but also the specifics of social changes of the era being studied.

Purpose of the study: to study the specifics of the process of formation and implementation of the stage repertoire of theaters in the Urals in the political and ideological conditions of «developed socialism».

Objectives. To achieve the research goal, the following tasks were formulated: to characterize the general principles of the formation of the stage repertoire and the practical mechanism for its compilation; study the themes and genre structure of the repertoire plans of regional theaters in the late Soviet period.

Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was a systemic-historical approach, which allows us to study repertory policy as a system functioning in the socio-political environment of the era of late socialism.

Results. The stage repertoire was an expression of the creative search of theater groups, carried out in conditions of compromise with the official policy of the state, the ruling party and the natural course of the artistic and aesthetic process. From the point of view of ideology and adherence to party guidelines, «mature ideological and artistic» and «box office» works stood out in the repertoire plans of theaters. The leading place was occupied by the plays of modern Soviet playwrights. The national orientation of the theaters of the multinational Urals was manifested in the embodiment of the works of national playwrights on the stages. A feature of the era was the introduction of plays for children and youth into the repertoire of not only theaters specializing in youth audiences, but also opera and drama groups.

Conclusion. The repertoire of the Ural theaters was represented by a variety of works and was built taking into account the requirements of the era. The implementation of the repertoire policy of theaters contributed to the involvement of various socio-demographic groups of the population in the theatrical process, the expansion and complexity of the cultural space of the era under study.

Relevance. At the present stage of development of the Russian Federation, the preservation of historical truth is one of the main directions of state policy. Statements about the need to return the state ideology allow us to judge the relevance of referring to the experience of the early Soviet period, when communist doctrine became the basis for the formation of a new model of the state, which subsequently achieved considerable success on the world stage in various fields. The urban population has become a pillar for revolutionary transformations, which arouses interest in studying the views of representatives of regional authorities on the problems of the development of the social structure of society.

The purpose – to reveal the specifics of the evolution of the public views of the party and political activists of the region on the social composition of the urban population of the Kursk province from 1918 to 1921.

Objectives: based on the analysis of archival documents, to identify general trends in the formation of the social structure of the urban population of the Kursk province.

Methodology. In the process of working on the research, the basic principles of historical science were used: historicism, objectivity and consistency. General scientific methods were also applied (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical method), special historical methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical.

Results. Based on the analysis of archival documents, the peculiarities of the formation of views on the image of the social composition of the Kursk province in the views of the Kursk communists of the first years of Soviet power are revealed.

Conclusion. The political basis of the social structure of the urban population of the region was recognized by the proletarians, who were the mainstay in the revolutionary transformations of all spheres of public life. The party activists of the Kursk province perceived the provisions of the communist teachings as a key model for the formation of an urban community. The semi-proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, in the opinion of party leaders, should become part of the working people as the sole bearer of power. For the first time, women were considered as an equal part of the urban community in the field of state building.

Relevance. The article highlights the biography of one of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky. He was an example of a passionate personality. Thanks to his organizational and oratorical qualities, the Bolsheviks organized an uprising in October 1917 and seized power in the country. Bringing in new historical facts provides an opportunity to rethink key moments of the past. In this regard, the article is relevant and in demand.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the path of the leader of the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky, into the revolution and his active participation in the revolutionary process.

The objectives of the research are: a historical analysis of the revolutionary leader's life path, an assessment of the events of 1917 and the Civil War.

Methodology. The article is based on the principles of consistency, objectivity and historicism, which have been supplemented by chronological and historical-comparative methods.

The results of the scientific research prove the importance of studying the role of passionate personalities in history. It is shown that at the beginning of the XX century Russia was "infected" by the revolution. Revolutionary ideas attracted significant masses of young people from different strata of the population. One of such prominent representatives of the revolutionary youth was Leon Trotsky. His organizational and oratorical talent was reflected in the revolutionary events of 1917. Despite the huge number of opponents and difficult historical realities, Leon Trotsky and other leaders of the revolution were able to rally millions of Russian citizens to fight against external and internal enemies and win a difficult and bloody Civil War.

Conclusions. Trotsky became one of the leaders of the Bolshevik party, which was popular among the broad masses. Through all his activities, he proved how great the role of a passionate personality in history can be.